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31.
The potential of teleost scales as indicator tissues of recent dietary history was investigated in the estuarine fish, Notolabrus celidotus. Treatment fish were fed a 15N-enriched bivalve diet (δ15N = 108.8‰) for up to 90 days to examine integration of the dietary source signature in scale margin, regenerated scale, and
dorsal muscle tissues. Regenerated scales exhibited the greatest and most rapid enrichment in δ15N (to 53.4 ± 5.0‰) of the tissues examined. Scale margin δ15N signatures also increased significantly from 14.5‰ to 30.9 ± 6.0‰, while muscle tissue only increased by 2.8‰ after 90 days.
Dietary contribution models suggested that isotopic equilibration of dietary nitrogen would be most rapid in regenerated scales,
followed by scale marginal increments and then muscle. In conclusion, teleost scales hold considerable potential as novel,
nondestructive indicators of recent dietary history, yet currently face constraints from uncertainties in isotopic integration
mechanisms. 相似文献
32.
An agricultural guestworker scheme for Pacific island states began in New Zealand in 2007 to remedy domestic agricultural labour shortages. Vanuatu was one of the first countries to take advantage of the scheme. After a pilot venture in 2007 greater numbers of workers were recruited in 2008. In Tanna, the recruits, though mainly male, represented a cross‐section of the population. Their objectives were income generation for education fees, house building and eventually small business development. Early returnees acquired significant capital and met some of these objectives. The scheme has benefited both countries and the first generation of guestworkers. 相似文献
33.
Because of the importance of snow for river discharge in mountain regions, hydrological research often focuses on seasonally snow-covered zones. However, in many basins the majority of the land surface area is intermittently snow-covered. Discharge monitoring in these areas is less common, so their contributions to downstream rivers remain largely unknown. We evaluated hydrological differences between three intermittently snow-covered (mean annual Jan 1–Jul 3 snow persistence <60%) and two seasonally snow-covered headwater catchments in the Colorado Front Range. We compared water balance variables to evaluate how and why discharge differs between the snow zones and estimated the relative contributions from each snow zone to regional river discharge. We focused on water years 2016–2019 and used a combination of in situ sensors and regional climate datasets. Annual discharge from the intermittent snow zone was low for all three catchments (10–77 mm), despite covering a wide range in annual snow persistence (25%–64%), whereas annual discharge from the seasonal snow zone was up to 73 times higher. Soil moisture in the seasonal snow zone was above field capacity for longer periods of time than in the intermittent snow zone, and the intermittent snow zone was uniquely subject to soil freezing (up to 102 days per year). For most of the year, potential evapotranspiration exceeded rainfall and snowmelt inputs in the intermittent snow zone, but was lower than rainfall and snowmelt inputs in the seasonal snow zone. This is likely a primary driver of the differences in soil moisture and discharge for catchments with a seasonal versus intermittent snow cover. Despite the large difference in discharge between these two snow zones, the intermittent snow zone contributed about a quarter of the discharge in the regional river, highlighting the importance of studying discharge generation across all elevations. 相似文献
34.
S. P. Schwenzer R. C. Greenwood S. P. Kelley U. Ott A. G. Tindle R. Haubold S. Herrmann J. M. Gibson M. Anand S. Hammond I. A. Franchi 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2013,48(6):929-954
We investigated exterior and interior subsamples from the Martian shergottite meteorites Allan Hills (ALH) A77005 and Roberts Massif (RBT) 04261 for secondary minerals, oxygen isotopes, Ar‐Ar, and noble gas signatures. Electron microprobe investigations revealed that RBT 04261 does not contain any visible alteration even in its most exterior fractures, whereas fracture fillings in ALHA77005 penetrate into the meteorite up to 300 μm, beyond which the fractures are devoid of secondary minerals. Light noble gases seem to be almost unaffected by terrestrially induced alteration in both meteorites. Thus, a shock metamorphic overprint of 30–35 GPa can be deduced from the helium measurements in RBT 04261. Oxygen isotopes also seem unaffected by terrestrially weathering and variations can easily be reconciled with the differences in modal mineralogy of the exterior and interior subsamples. The measurements on irradiated samples (Ar‐Ar) showed a clear Martian atmospheric contribution in ALHA77005, but this is less apparent in our sample of RBT 04261. Exterior and interior subsamples show slight differences in apparent ages, but the overall results are very similar between the two. In contrast, krypton and xenon are severely affected by terrestrial contamination, demonstrating the ubiquitous presence of elementally fractionated air in RBT 04261. Although seemingly contradictory, our results indicate that RBT 04261 was more affected by contamination than ALHA77005. We conclude that irrespective of on which planet the alteration occurred, exposure of Martian rocks to atmosphere (or brine) introduces noble gases with signatures elementally fractionated relative to the respective atmospheric composition into the rock, and relationships of that process with oxygen isotopes or mineralogical observations are not straightforward. 相似文献
35.
Nigel Harris Alison Hunt Ian Parkinson Andrew Tindle Magisuren Yondon Samantha Hammond 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,160(1):67-81
Garnet-bearing mantle xenoliths have been recovered from Quaternary alkali basalts, both within and peripheral to the Hangay
dome of central Mongolia. Microfabric analysis and thermobaromery, combining empirical thermobarometers and the self-consistent
dataset of THERMOCALC, indicate that garnet websterites from the Shavaryn-Tsaram volcanic centre at the dome core were formed
in the spinel-lherzolite upper mantle at pressures of 17–18 kbars and temperatures of 1,070–1,090°C, whereas garnet lherzolites
were derived from greater depths (18–20 kbars). Garnet lherzolites from the Baga Togo Uul vents near the dome edge were formed
at 18–22 kbars under significantly cooler conditions (960–1,000°C). These xenoliths reveal reaction coronas of (1) orthopyroxene,
clinopyroxene, plagioclase and spinel mantling garnets; (2) spongy rims of olivine replacing orthopyroxene and (3) low-Na,
low-Al clinopyroxene replacing primary clinopyroxene. Trace-element abundances indicate that clinopyroxene from these coronas
is in chemical equilibrium with the host magma. The thermobarometric and textural data suggest that lherzolite xenoliths from
both sites were derived from depths of 60–70 km and entrained in magma at 1,200–1,300°C. The average rate of ascent, as determined
by olivine zoning, lies in the range 0.2–0.3 m s−1. The contrast in thermal profiles of the upper mantle between the two sites is consistent with a mantle plume beneath the
Hangay dome with elevated thermal conditions beneath the core of the dome being comparable to estimates of the Pleistocene
geotherm beneath the Baikal rift. 相似文献
36.
Summary ?Orangeite occurring as a complex series of dikes at Swartruggens (South Africa), is host to a diversity of accessory minerals,
the most common of which are apatite, barite and calcite. Less common, but important phases are perovskite, wadeite, an unidentified
Ca–Ti–Fe-silicate, strontianite, unidentified Ca-REE phosphate, zircon, rutile, titaniferous magnetite, quartz and diverse sulphides. The accessory minerals show wide variations
in their mode in different segments of the dike suite as a consequence of crystal sorting during flow differentiation. Compositional
data are given for apatite, barite, calcite, perovskite, wadeite and the unidentified Ca–Ti–Fe-silicate. The accessory mineral
suite is similar to that found in lamproites but is sufficiently distinct in composition and paragenesis to preclude inclusion
with that clan. Differences include the common presence of groundmass calcite, barite and serpentine in the orangeite and
the absence of typomorphic minerals (leucite, sanidine, richterite) of the lamproite clan.
Received January 15, 2001; revised version accepted October 15, 2001 相似文献
37.
38.
An analysis of T-phase source locations determined in the mid-1960s for an area of the northeast Pacific Ocean encompassing the Juan de Fuca spreading center reveals that most of the source locations are associated with regions where seamount chains intersect the spreading center and with edifices both along and near the spreading center. The T-phase source locations also tend to cluster on, or near, areas of the most concentrated and vigorous hydrothermal venting along the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Of the 58 T-phase source locations determined for a period from October 1964 through December 1966, only one was found to be associated with an earthquake detected by the National Geophysical Data Center/National Earthquake Information Service because of the characteristic small magnitude of spreading-center seismic events. Monitoring T-phase activity originating along the 80 000 km-long global seafloor spreading-center system offers a practical and unique opportunity to better understand the dynamics and oceanic effects of episodic spreading-center tectonic, volcanic, and hydrothermal processes. 相似文献
39.
40.
An accurate recession curve model is important for separating individual flow events, which is especially difficult over catchments in regions with a maritime climate where frequent rainfall events cause the flows to rise before they reach the baseflow level. The traditional recession curve equations are based on static linear and nonlinear reservoir models. These models work quite well for ground water dominated recession curves, but not so well when the direct runoff is significant in the recession part. In this study, a new modelling methodology is explored based on self-adaptive parameters in the linear and nonlinear reservoir models. It has been found that the adaptive forms performed better than the static ones, especially when a window for the adaptive parameter estimation is properly selected. While the nonlinear adaptive model had better accuracy over the linear one, it could become unstable if its window is too narrow, indicating that more research work is needed to find an useful pattern for the window size. A comparison between the recession curve models and PDM model (a rainfall-runoff model) has shown that they agreed quite well in most winter events, but less so in the summer. 相似文献