Kinematic link between episodic trapdoor collapse of the Negra Muerta Caldera and motion on the Olacapato-El Toro Fault Zone, southern central Andes     

Juliane Ramelow  Ulrich Riller  Rolf L. Romer  Onno Oncken 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(3):529-541

A combined geochronological and structural analysis of the Miocene Negra Muerta Caldera was designed to better understand caldera formation associated with prominent faults on the central Andean plateau. Rb–Sr ages of the caldera outflow facies indicate that caldera formation occurred in two volcano-tectonic episodes. The first episode commenced with explosive eruption of the 9.0±0.1 Ma andesitic Acay Ignimbrite followed by a period of volcanic quiescence and moderate tectonic activity. Dominant volcanic and tectonic activity occurred during the second episode, which is bracketed by eruption of the 7.6±0.1 Ma rhyolitic Toba 1 Ignimbrite and effusive discharge of the 7.3±0.1 Ma rhyodacitic to andesitic lava flows. Structural relationships between rocks of the Negra Muerta Volcanic Complex and collapse-induced normal faults, notably NE-striking normal faults, agree with simultaneous volcanic activity and floor subsidence of the caldera during the second episode. Floor subsidence was achieved by tilting on an outward dipping reverse fault to the northwest of the caldera floor around a hinge zone located south of the caldera floor. This induced horizontal extension of the caldera floor and was accomplished by fragmentation of, and intrusion of dikes into, the floor. Collapse-induced and post-collapse fault populations of the caldera do not differ significantly in the directions of their axes of maximum extension and are in this respect kinematically compatible with left-lateral slip on the nearby Olacapato-El Toro Fault Zone. This furnishes evidence for a kinematic control by prominent faults on the formation of collapse calderas in the central Andes. The structural analysis of the Negra Muerta Caldera shows that collapse calderas can serve as deformation markers that contribute in elucidating the regional kinematic regime and the time of activity of prominent dislocations genetically related to collapse calderas.  相似文献   

Electron microprobe monazite geochronology of magmatic events: Examples from Variscan migmatites and granitoids, Massif Central, France   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

E. Be Mezeme  A. Cocherie  M. Faure  O. Legendre  Ph. Rossi 《Lithos》2006,87(3-4):276-288

U–Th–Pb dating of monazite with the electron probe microanalyser (EPMA) is increasingly documented as a reliable geochronological method offering high spatial resolution. This method has been applied on monazite from the Cévennes migmatites and granitoids from the southeast of the French Massif Central. Measurements were performed on separated grains after systematic back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging. Monazites from migmatites record two main ages: (i) a protolith age of about 550–543 Ma obtained on inherited cores, and (ii) a migmatization event between 329 ± 5 and 323 ± 3 Ma recorded by monazite rims and all other monogenetic grains. Monazite from the peraluminous Rocles pluton yields a 318 ± 3 Ma age. Finally, three granite dykes are dated at 333 ± 6, 318 ± 5 and 311 ± 5 Ma; the older dyke is the most deformed of them and is interpreted as linked to the migmatization event; the two other dykes are geochronologically, petrologically and structurally coeval with the Rocles pluton. The data constrain the timing of crustal melting following Variscan thickening in the northern Cévennes area. Migmatization of Ordovician protoliths took place at 329–323 Ma and was shortly followed by intrusion of leucogranite at 318–311 Ma. The study shows that EPMA dating of monazite can be successfully used to resolve a close succession of regional melting events.  相似文献   

Provenance implications of Th–U–Pb electron microprobe ages from detrital monazite in the Carboniferous Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland     

Monika Agnieszka Kusiak  Artur K&#x;dzior  Mariusz Paszkowski  Kazuhiro Suzuki  Ignacio Gonzlez-lvarez  Boles&#x;aw Wajsprych  Marek Doktor 《Lithos》2006,88(1-4):56-71

This paper reports the results of CHIME (chemical Th–U–Pb isochron method) dating of detrital monazites from Carboniferous sandstones in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB). A total of 4739 spots on 863 monazite grains were analyzed from samples of sandstone derived from six stratigraphic units in the sedimentary sequence. Age distributions were identified in detrital monazites from the USCB sequence and correlated with specific dated domains in potential source areas. Most monazites in all samples yielded ca. 300–320 Ma (Variscan) ages; however, eo-Variscan, Caledonian and Cadomian ages were also obtained. The predominant ages are comparable to reported ages of certain tectonostratigraphic domains in the polyorogenic Bohemian Massif (BM), which suggests that various crystalline lithologies in the BM were the dominant sources of USCB sediments.  相似文献   

Zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios and ages for Yulong ore-bearing porphyries in eastern Tibet     

Hua-Ying Liang  Ian H. Campbell  Charlotte Allen  Wei-Dong Sun  Cong-Qiang Liu  Heng-Xiang Yu  Ying-Wen Xie  Yu-Qiang Zhang 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,41(2):152-159

Yulong ore-bearing porphyries, along the northwestern extension of the Red River–Ailao Shan fault system in eastern Tibet, consist of five porphyry deposits, containing a total of more than 8 million tons of copper resources. U–Th–Pb laser inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry dating of zircon shows that the porphyries were emplaced in Early Tertiary (41.2–36.9 Ma), covering a period of ∼4.3 Ma, with formation ages decreasing systematically from northwest to southeast. The start of porphyry magmatism coincided with the onset of transpressional movement along the Red River–Ailao Shan fault system, implying a close link between these two events. Age sequence in intrusions can be plausibly explained by assuming that a region of melting in the lower northwestern plate moved southeasternward along the Tuoba–Mangkang fault relative to the upper plate. Zircon grains from the Yulong ore-bearing porphyries have higher Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ than those from barren porphyries in the region. This suggests that the ore-bearing porphyries crystallized from a relatively oxidized magma, which has important implications for future ore exploration in the region and other Cu deposits in convergent margin environments in general.  相似文献   

Geologic and U–Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Dadeldhura thrust sheet, far-west Nepal Himalaya   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G.E. Gehrels  P.G. DeCelles  T.P. Ojha  B.N. Upreti 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2006,28(4-6):385-408

The Dadeldhura thrust sheet inm western Nepal consists of Proterozoic–Lower Paleozoic sedimentary and plutonic rocks, and their metamorphic equivalents, that rest structurally on Proterozoic strata of the Lesser Himalayan sequence. Although regional metamorphism and ductile deformation were widespread during Tertiary thrust emplacement, relicts of early Paleozoic tectonism are preserved locally. New field and geochronologic studies, together with the findings of previous workers, indicate that this early Paleozoic tectonism included: (1) regional metamorphism to at least garnet grade, (2) regional folding of a thick metamorphic sequence into a broad east–west trending syncline, (3) outcrop-scale folding of metasedimentary rocks, (4) emplacement of Cambro–Ordovician granitic bodies during and after the metamorphism and deformation, (5) uplift and erosion of the metamorphic sequence, with garnet-grade rocks locally exposed at the surface, and (6) derivation of Ordovician conglomeratic sandstones from the early Paleozoic orogen. Similar records of metamorphism, deformation, and uplift/erosion have been found in other regions of the Himalaya, indicating that rocks of the Dadeldhura thrust sheet were originally involved in a regionally extensive orogenic system. Future tectonic models of Himalayan orogenesis must accommodate this early Paleozoic event.  相似文献   

Intercalibration of the Hb3gr Ar/Ar dating standard     

Fred Jourdan  Chrystele Verati 《Chemical Geology》2006,231(3):177-189

The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating technique is based on the knowledge of the age of neutron fluence monitors (standards). Recent investigations have improved the accuracy and precision of the ages of most of the Phanerozoic-aged standards (e.g. Fish Canyon Tuff sanidine (FCs), Alder Creek sanidine, GA1550 biotite and LP-6 biotite); however, no specific study has been undertaken on the older standards (i.e. Hb3gr hornblende and NL-25 hornblende) generally used to date Precambrian, high Ca/K, and/or meteoritic rocks.In this study, we show that Hb3gr hornblende is relatively homogenous in age, composition (Ca/K) and atmospheric contamination at the single grain level. The mean standard deviation of the ⁴⁰Ar^?/³⁹Ar_K (F-value) derived from this study is 0.49%, comparable to the most homogeneous standards. The intercalibration factor (which allows direct comparison between standards) between Hb3gr and FCs is R_FCs^Hb3gr = 51.945 ± 0.167. Using an age of 28.02 Ma for FCs, the age of Hb3gr derived from the R-value is 1073.6 ± 5.3 Ma (1σ; internal error only) and ± 8.8 Ma (including all sources of error). This age is indistinguishable within uncertainty from the K/Ar age previously reported at 1072 ± 11 Ma [Turner G., Huneke, J.C., Podosek, F.A., Wasserburg, G.J., 1971. ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar ages and cosmic ray exposure ages of Apollo 14 samples. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 12, 19-35].The R-value determined in this study can also be used to intercalibrate FCs if we consider the K/Ar date of 1072 Ma as a reference age for Hb3gr. We derive an age of 27.95 ± 0.19 Ma (1σ; internal error only) for FCs which is in agreement with the previous determinations. Altogether, this shows that Hb3gr is a suitable standard for ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology.  相似文献   

Geochemistry and U–Pb SHRIMP zircon chronology of granitoids and microgranular enclaves from Jhirgadandi Pluton of Mahakoshal Belt,Central India Tectonic Zone,India     

《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2013

The northern part of Central India Tectonic Zone (CITZ) is delineated by an arc-shaped supracrustal belt commonly referred to as Mahakoshal Belt, which is considered as a product of intense rifting of sialic crust that occurred at ca 2400–2600 Ma. Several granitoid plutons intrude the Parsoi Formation of Mahakoshal Belt. Among these, an elliptical small stock-like granitoid body trending E–W is exposed in and around Jhirgadandi region of Mahakoshal Belt, referred herein as Jhirgadandi Pluton. It is composed of minor amount of mafic rocks (diorite) and predominant granitoids. Country-rock pelitic xenoliths and microgranular enclaves (ME) are commonly hosted in granitoids but are absent in diorite. The ME exhibit typical magmatic texture with a Bt(±Cpx ± Hbl)-Pl-Kf-Qtz-Mag-Ap assemblage, similar to that in host granitoids but with contrasting mineral proportions. Whole-rock molar Al₂O₃/(CaO + Na₂O + K₂O) (A/CNK) ratios of diorite (0.63–0.72), ME (0.69–1.21) and granitoids (0.83–1.05) suggest their nature largely metaluminous (I-type) to rarely peraluminous (S-type) granitoids. On most binary plots involving silica, two distinct compositional paths can be recognized; one formed by an array of differentiating diorite and ME, and another by fractionating granitoids gradually depleting in compatible elements. It is most likely that ME were generated by progressive and concurrent mixing of coeval pristine mafic (diorite) and granitoid magmas and fractionation processes. However, coherent and identical trace elements (except for Sr, Th, Y and Ni) and REE patterns for ME-granitoid pairs most likely suggest partial to near-complete chemical equilibration through varying degrees of diffusion process across the ME – partly crystalline host granitoid boundary. High-precision U–Pb SHRIMP zircon ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages for ME (1758 ± 19 Ma) and host granitoid (1753 ± 9.1 Ma) from Jhirgadandi Pluton further support the notion that they were coeval. The obtained age (∼1750 Ma) of Jhirgadandi Pluton also points to the existence and role of Super-Columbian continental component in the evolution of Mahakoshal Belt of the CITZ.  相似文献   

The timing of kimberlite magmatism in North America: implications for global kimberlite genesis and diamond exploration   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

L. M. Heaman  B. A. Kjarsgaard  R. A. Creaser 《Lithos》2003,71(2-4):153-184

Based on a compilation of more than 100 kimberlite age determinations, four broad kimberlite emplacement patterns can be recognized in North America: (1) a northeast Eocambrian/Cambrian Labrador Sea province (Labrador, Québec), (2) an eastern Jurassic province (Ontario, Québec, New York, Pennsylvania), (3) a Cretaceous central corridor (Nunavut, Saskatchewan, central USA), and (4) a western mixed (Cambrian-Eocene) Type 3 kimberlite province (Alberta, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Colorado/Wyoming). Ten new U–Pb perovskite/mantle zircon and Rb–Sr phlogopite age determinations are reported here for kimberlites from the Slave and Wyoming cratons of western North America. Within the Type 3 Slave craton, at least four kimberlite age domains exist: I-a southwestern Siluro-Ordovician domain (450 Ma), II-a SE Cambrian domain (540 Ma), III-a central Tertiary/Cretaceous domain (48–74 Ma) and IV-a northern mixed domain consisting of Jurassic and Permian kimberlite fields. New U–Pb perovskite results for the 614.5±2.1 Ma Chicken Park and 408.4±2.6 Ma Iron Mountain kimberlites in the State Line field in Colorado and Wyoming confirm the existence of at least two periods of pre-Mesozoic kimberlite magmatism in the Wyoming craton.

A compilation of robust kimberlite emplacement ages from North America, southern Africa and Russia indicates that a high proportion of known kimberlites are Cenozoic/Mesozoic. We conclude that a majority of these kimberlites were generated during enhanced mantle plume activity associated with the rifting and eventual breakup of the supercontinent Gondwanaland. Within this prolific period of kimberlite activity, there is a good correlation between North America and Yakutia for three distinct short-duration (10 my) periods of kimberlite magmatism at 48–60, 95–105 and 150–160 Ma. In contrast, Cenozoic/Mesozoic kimberlite magmatism in southern Africa is dominated by a continuum of activity between 70–95 and 105–120 Ma with additional less-prolific periods of magmatism in the Eocene (50–53 Ma), Jurassic (150–190) and Triassic (235 Ma). Several discrete episodes of pre-Mesozoic kimberlite magmatism variably occur in North America, southern Africa and Yakutia at 590–615, 520–540, 435–450, 400–410 and 345–360 Ma. One of the surprises in the timing of kimberlite magmatism worldwide is the common absence of activity between about 250 and 360 Ma; this period is even longer in southern Africa. This >110 my period of quiescence in kimberlite magmatism is likely linked to relative crustal and mantle stability during the lifetime of the supercontinent Gondwanaland.

Economic diamond deposits in kimberlite occur throughout the Phanerozoic from the Cambrian (Venetia, South Africa; Snap Lake and Kennady Lake, Canada) to the Tertiary (Mwadui, Tanzania; Ekati and Diavik in Lac de Gras, Canada). There are clearly some discrete periods when economic kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits formed globally. In contrast, the Devonian event, which is such an important source of diamonds in Yakutia, is notably absent in the kimberlite record from both southern Africa and North America.  相似文献   

斯里兰卡地质演化研究的进展与评述:岩石组合、变质演化及其与冈瓦纳大陆的关系     

赵磊  张艳斌  MALAVIARACHCHI Sanjeewa Prabhath Kumar  DHARMAPRIYA Prasanna Lakshith  翟明国 《岩石学报》2021,37(5):1287-1320

地球表生环境的演变及生命演化过程,与地球构造过程密切相关,新元古代-寒武纪时期的冈瓦纳大陆汇聚过程见证了一系列剧变。东非造山带(ca. 650～620Ma)和Kuunga造山带(ca. 600～500Ma)是冈瓦纳大陆块体汇聚过程中形成的两条主要造山带,二者在斯里兰卡所在的区域十字交叉。因此斯里兰卡地质演化历史的准确梳理,对理解新元古代时期全球构造过程的重要意义不言而喻。斯里兰卡的四个前寒武纪地质体(Wanni、Kadugannawa、Highland和Vijayan杂岩地体)中,中部的Highland杂岩地体最古老(ca. 2000～1800Ma)、变质程度最高(普遍麻粒岩相,局部为超高温麻粒岩相),其余三个地质体主要岩石的形成时代为中元古代晚期-新元古代(ca. 1100～700Ma),岩石记录的变质级别略低于Highland地体,为角闪岩相-麻粒岩相。现有研究表明斯里兰卡几个地质体在新元古代-寒武纪时期(ca. 610～500Ma)的变质作用记录最为显著,并伴随有广泛的陆壳重熔再造。该构造热事件晚于东非造山带的变质时代(ca. 650～620Ma),与Kuunga造山带活动时间(ca. 600～500Ma)吻合度较高,这与前人提出的莫桑比克缝合带(东非造山带)穿过斯里兰卡的认识相矛盾。斯里兰卡的高级变质作用究竟是单次造山作用的结果,还是代表了两期造山事件的叠加效应,目前尚无定论。高温-超高温变质作用是斯里兰卡前寒武纪基底岩系的显著特征,其中超高温麻粒岩具有假蓝宝石+石英、紫苏辉石(Al_2O_3含量可达～13%)+夕线石、尖晶石+石英等的矿物组合,不同研究者给出超高温峰期变质温度在950～1150℃的范围内,峰期变质压力在10～16kbar的范围内,多显示顺时针演化P-T轨迹。斯里兰卡中东部地区的基性麻粒岩,发育由斜方辉石+斜长石、角闪石+斜长石或单斜辉石+斜长石组成的环绕石榴石的蠕虫状后成合晶结构,指示近等温降压的P-T演化样式,以及峰期变质作用之后地体相对快速抬升的演化过程。紫苏花岗岩在斯里兰卡不同地体中都很常见,与所有的高级变质岩(如泥质、基性麻粒岩和钙硅酸盐岩等)密切伴生,是研究斯里兰卡地质演化不可忽视的岩石类型。紫苏花岗岩的原岩成因较为复杂,其最古老部分的形成时代可能为太古宙或古元古代(～1850Ma),但是没有很好的年代学限定。部分紫苏花岗岩原岩时代为ca. 1100～750Ma,具有钙碱性弧岩浆的地球化学特征,并记录ca. 580～500Ma的变质作用,还有一部分紫苏花岗岩时代与区域麻粒岩相变质作用的峰期时代相当,为ca. 580～550Ma。在一些地区的角闪片麻岩中,还可以观察到补丁状分布的初始紫苏花岗岩,其形成时代多被认为晚于峰期麻粒岩相变质时代。斯里兰卡四个前寒武纪地质体在岩石组合、变质级别、地质年代学格架等方面的差异被普遍认同,暗示这些地质体具有不同的演化历史。但是斯里兰卡不同地质体的汇聚过程是否对应于莫桑比克洋的闭合,以及Kuunga造山带如何改造斯里兰卡的基底岩石,目前并不清楚。本文综述了前人发表的研究结果,主要从斯里兰卡不同地质体岩石组合、高温-超高温变质作用(Highland地体)、变质地质年代学及其对冈瓦纳大陆重建的启示等几个方面,对斯里兰卡地质演化研究进行归纳和小结。在此基础上提出,在斯里兰卡基底构造框架、新元古代晚期-寒武纪高温-超高温变质作用、紫苏花岗岩成因、地质演化的年代学格架、斯里兰卡在冈瓦纳大陆重建中的位置和作用、下地壳热状态和热源机制等诸多方面,还存在问题和争议,是值得未来开展深入研究的方向。  相似文献   

断裂带中方解石脉显微结构、地球化学和年代学研究:藏南亚东裂谷带古地震记录     

李春锐  李海兵  潘家伟  刘栋梁  白明坤  刘富财  张进江 《岩石学报》2021,37(10):3185-3203

断裂带中的方解石脉作为流体的直接记录,保存了丰富的断层活动信息。亚东裂谷是藏南地区南北向裂谷系中一条具有区域规模的大型裂谷,自北向南分别为热隆、涅如堆以及帕里次级裂谷。本文在涅如堆地堑南、北部和帕里地堑北部裂谷断层选取三个采样点,对沿断层发育的方解石脉进行研究,揭示了脉体与地震活动的关系、流体来源以及古地震发生时间。显微结构观察显示,方解石脉主要具有块状和拉长块状结构,分别代表了同震快速沉淀以及震后的同构造期沉淀。涅如堆地堑北部方解石脉具有Eu元素正异常以及高⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值的热液特征,异常轻的碳氧同位素值显示出地幔流体和大气水贡献。涅如堆地堑南部和帕里地堑北部方解石脉具有Ce和Eu负异常以及Y正异常的低温特征,与区域内灰岩相近的δ¹³C和⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值反映了围岩来源,偏负的δ¹⁸O表明同样存在大气水贡献。方解石的地球化学特征反映了裂谷断层切割深度大,在断层活动期间能够沟通不同深度域的流体。断层亚东裂谷涅如堆段方解石脉铀系测年结果为距今679±129ka,帕里段北部结果为距今544±26ka、444±15ka和408±13ka,由于以上样品均具有同震或同构造期的内部结构特征,因此测年结果代表了地震活动时间。结合涅如堆段发育的断层三角面高差,计算出裂谷断层中更新世以来的E-W向伸展速率为0.17~0.24mm/yr,小于晚更新世以来0.8±0.3mm/yr的伸展速率,以及GPS观测的伸展速率6mm/yr。即中更新世以来,亚东裂谷涅如堆段断层活动速率逐渐增大。该地区断裂带中广泛发育的方解石脉能够为基岩区的断层活动和古地震研究提供宝贵的资料。  相似文献