长江三角洲西部地区PM_2.5输送轨迹分类研究          下载免费PDF全文

周述学  王兴  弓中强  石春娥 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2017,75(6):996-1010

长三角4个省会（直辖市）城市（上海、南京、合肥、杭州）中,合肥与南京的PM_2.5浓度演变有较高的一致性。应用聚类分析的方法对2013-2015年合肥非降水日（日降水量低于10 mm）100 m高度（代表近地层）和1000 m高度（代表边界层中上部）的72 h后向轨迹进行分类,结合合肥2013-2015年PM_2.5日均浓度资料,探讨近地层和边界层中上部输送轨迹与长三角西部PM_2.5浓度的关系。近地层和边界层中上部分别得到7组和6组不同的后向轨迹;不同输送轨迹对应的PM_2.5浓度、重污染（重度以上污染,PM_2.5日均浓度大于150 μg/m³）天数、能见度、地面风速、相对湿度等都有显著不同,尤其是在近地层。100 m高度,平均长度最短、来向偏东的轨迹组对应的PM_2.5浓度均值最高（约是组内均值最低值的2倍）、重污染天数最多,且占比最高（30%）,重污染日对应的气流在过去72 h下降高度均值仅28 m,明显低于其他PM_2.5污染等级日;来向偏西北、长度较短的轨迹组,PM_2.5浓度均值和重污染天数为第2高,这一类轨迹占比14%,气流到达本地前存在明显的下沉运动,反映了远距离输送加剧本地PM_2.5重污染的特征。这两类轨迹常对应PM_2.5日均浓度的上升。PM_2.5平均浓度最低的2个轨迹组分别是来自东北和西南的较长轨迹组,所占比例分别为6.4%和10.3%,这2类轨迹往往对应着PM_2.5日均浓度下降。1000 m高度的结果与100 m高度结果类似,但PM_2.5平均浓度的组间差异不及100 m高度,与2001-2005年PM₁₀浓度与输送轨迹的关系不同。对3 a中84个重污染日两个高度的后向轨迹进行聚类,近地层和边界层中上部各得到7类和6类PM_2.5重污染日的天气形势。近地层92%的重污染日对应的海平面气压形势场上,从华北到华东属于均压区,气压梯度小,轨迹来向以偏东到偏北方向为主,垂直方向延伸高度在950 hPa以下。1000 m高度,77%的重污染日属于相对较短的轨迹组,对应的850 hPa高度场特征为从中国西北（新疆）到东南受高压控制,长三角或位于高压底部,或位于两高压之间的均压区。这对PM_2.5浓度预报有较好的指示意义。  相似文献   

NPP卫星VIIRS微光资料反演夜间PM_2.5质量浓度   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵笑然  石汉青  杨平吕  张雷  方荀  梁快 《遥感学报》2017,21(2):291-299

为研究城市夜间PM_(2.5)质量浓度,利用NPP卫星上可见光红外成像辐射套件(VIIRS)DNB通道的微光辐射数据,以辐射传输理论为基础,建立了夜间城市灯光辐射强度与地面表层PM_(2.5)质量浓度的关系,并基于支持向量机方法建立了夜间城市PM_(2.5)质量浓度反演模型。以北京市作为研究对象,选取2015-03—2015-05期间无月、无云且晴朗夜空条件下4个PM_(2.5)监测站点的微光辐射数据与时空匹配的PM_(2.5)质量浓度数据对模型进行验证。研究结果表明:夜间城市灯光辐射强度与地面表层PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现负相关性,相关系数最高的定陵站点达到–0.83。基于支持向量机方法建立的PM_(2.5)反演模型获得的PM_(2.5)质量浓度与实际PM_(2.5)质量浓度的相关系数达到0.95,反演结果较优,为进一步大范围监测PM_(2.5)质量浓度空间分布以及改善城市夜间空气质量状况评估方法提供了可行性参考。  相似文献   

Analysis of model-based PM2.5 emission factors for on-road mobile sources in Mexico     

M. Zavala  H. Barrera  J. Morante  L.T. Molina 《Atmósfera》2013,26(1):109-124

This study investigates the effects of using the US-EPA MOVES2010a model for estimating PM2.5 emission factors in the Mexican vehicle fleet; the results are compared with the current PM2.5 emissions estimates in the 2005 Mexican National Emissions Inventory (MNEI). Our results show that model-based PM2.5 emissions factors updated from recent studies can have significant impacts on the estimated PM2.5 emissions from mobile sources in Mexico. Higher fractions of older vehicles tend to increase PM2.5 emissions estimates using MOVES2010a with respect to the 2005 MNEI estimates; however, the overall impact on PM emissions varies depending on the vehicle population and vehicle age composition for each Mexican state fleet. These effects are primarily driven by the higher PM2.5 emission factors from the gasoline-powered vehicles and by the high fractions of older gasoline and diesel vehicles. The results also indicate that the estimated MOVES2010a PM2.5 emission factors for Mexico were particularly sensitive to vehicle speed, ambient temperature and sulfur content, but not the relative humidity. There is a strong need to better understand the characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM) emitted from gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles in major urban areas in Mexico.  相似文献   

Exploration of spatial and temporal characteristics of PM2.5 concentration in Guangzhou,China using wavelet analysis and modified land use regression model     

Fenglei Fan  Runping Liu 《地球空间信息科学学报》2013,16(4):311-321

ABSTRACT

This article attempts to detail time series characteristics of PM2.5 concentration in Guangzhou (China) from 1 June 2012 to 31 May 2013 based on wavelet analysis tools, and discuss its spatial distribution using geographic information system software and a modified land use regression model. In this modified model, an important variable (land use data) is substituted for impervious surface area, which can be obtained conveniently from remote sensing imagery through the linear spectral mixture analysis method. Impervious surface has higher precision than land use data because of its sub-pixel level. Seasonal concentration pattern and day-by-day change feature of PM2.5 in Guangzhou with a micro-perspective are discussed and understood. Results include: (1) the highest concentration of PM2.5 occurs in October and the lowest in July, respectively; (2) average concentration of PM2.5 in winter is higher than in other seasons; and (3) there are two high concentration zones in winter and one zone in spring.  相似文献   

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF INTENSE PREHISTORIC SOIL EROSION IN THE HIGHLANDS OF CENTRAL JORDAN     

Carlos E. Cordova 《自然地理学》2013,34(6):538-567

Soils and alluvial sediments in two wadi systems provide preliminary evidence of intense prehistoric soil erosion in the Plateau of Central Jordan. Magnetic susceptibility, color, secondary carbonate morphology, and soil structure suggest that, at the end of the Pleistocene, red Mediterranean soils (terra rossa soils) extended into areas that today are dry steppes on desert fringes. The chronological correlation between alluvial depositional events and cultural phases in the context of climatic change in the Levant suggests that climatic fluctuations at the end of the Pleistocene, which were characterized by gradual drying and warming, triggered several consecutive cycles of soil erosion. There is also evidence to suggest that the advent of early farming in the early Holocene played an important role in the continuation of soil erosion processes. The results of this preliminary research suggest that studies of ancient soil erosion in this region, red Mediterranean soils are a useful chronological and pedological datum to be correlated with alluvial and colluvial deposits. [Key words: soil erosion, alluvial sequences, red Mediterranean soils, Levant, Jordan, Middle East, soil properties.]  相似文献   

Spatial Correlation between Traffic and Air Pollution in Beijing     

Lili Jiang  Ziheng Sun  Qingwen Qi  An Zhang 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):654-667

Many studies have attempted to model the sophisticated influence of traffic emissions on air pollution, but most models only calculate the contribution of traffic emissions near monitoring sites. It is difficult to observe the near-surface dynamics such as wind, rain, and human activities and precisely distinguish traffic emissions. These obstacles make model simulation very expensive in practice. The regional distribution patterns that can help adjust policies and actions taken remain unknown. Therefore, this article proposes a grid-oriented geostatistics-based approach to overcome these obstacles. We chose central Beijing as the study area. An experiment implemented the approach on data collected from Global Positioning System navigation software, car rental companies, and meteorology stations. The results suggest that the northwest area of Beijing has high traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and the southeast area has low TRAP. Unlike modeling-based methods, this work uses geostatistical methods to directly study the spatiotemporal connections between traffic and PM_2.5 (particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5?μm) from the phenomenon. The calculation is conducted under no hypotheses and has little risk of producing results contradictory to facts. This work provides a reference for future TRAP research on directly learning from the phenomenon and assists decision makers with seamless spatiotemporal heat maps of TRAP distribution. Key Words: Beijing, geospatial statistics, PM_2.5, spatial correlation, traffic-related air pollution.  相似文献   

A SPATIAL CLUSTER METHOD SUPPORTED BY GIS FOR URBAN-SUBURBAN-RURAL CLASSIFICATION     

ZHOUDe-min XUJian-chun JohnRADKE MULan 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2004,14(4):337-342

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2015/2016年强厄尔尼诺过程及其对全球和中国气候的主要影响   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

翟盘茂  余荣  郭艳君  李庆祥  任雪娟  王亚强  徐文慧  柳艳菊  丁一汇 《气象学报》2016,74(3):309-321

根据全球气候系统和中国的最新观测资料,分析了2015/2016年ENSO循环过程,讨论了强厄尔尼诺过程对2015年全球温度和极端天气气候灾害的可能影响,重点研究了其对中国夏季和秋冬转换季节的降水异常的影响。指出自2015年春季开始,厄尔尼诺条件迅速发展,使得2015年厄尔尼诺成为有观测记录以来最强的三次厄尔尼诺之一,同时由于前期(2014年春季开始)赤道太平洋异常热状况的维持,这次厄尔尼诺也可以视为最长的厄尔尼诺过程。受到长期气候变化趋势和强厄尔尼诺等共同影响,2015年全球地表温度和中国陆面气温均创有观测以来的最高记录。强厄尔尼诺事件在2015年给全球许多地区带来了灾害性天气气候事件,也使得中国夏季华北地区,特别是河套地区、内蒙古中部和环渤海湾地区降水显著减少,并造成一些地区夏季严重干旱。在2015年11-12月厄尔尼诺峰值时期,受到西北太平洋对流层低层菲律宾反气旋性异常环流和中高纬度欧亚-太平洋遥相关型负位相异常环流的共同影响,中国东部出现偏南风异常,造成南方地区降水明显增多,而北方地区偏北风气流受到抑制,PM2.5浓度异常偏高,雾霾天气频繁发生。目前,这一事件快速减弱,但其对全球和中国气候的影响在未来几个月仍将持续。   相似文献   

武汉大气能见度与PM_2.5浓度及相对湿度关系的非线性分析及能见度预报          下载免费PDF全文

白永清  祁海霞  刘琳  陈城  林春泽  李武阶 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2016,74(2):189-199

武汉作为中部地区高湿度代表城市,大气污染严重,霾天气多发,但有关该地区大气能见度与PM_2.5浓度及相对湿度(RH)的定量关系尚不明确。利用2014年9月—2015年3月武汉地区逐时能见度、相对湿度及颗粒物质量浓度观测数据,研究分析了武汉大气能见度与PM_2.5浓度及相对湿度的关系,并进行能见度非线性预报初探,得到以下结论:武汉霾时数发生比例高,霾的发生和加重是能见度降低的主要原因;能见度降低伴随大量细粒子产生和累积,这是武汉大气能见度恶化的重要诱因。细颗粒物浓度与相对湿度共同影响和制约大气能见度变化,高湿高浓度时能见度显著下降,湿情景下(RH≥40%),能见度恶化主要是由湿度增高诱使细颗粒物粒径吸湿增长导致其散射效率增大造成的。当RH >90%时,能见度随湿度升高成线性递减,相对湿度每升高1%,武汉平均能见度降低0.568 km。而干情景下(RH<40%),能见度迅速降低的关键因素是PM_2.5质量浓度升高。在城市大气细粒子污染背景下,能见度与相对湿度成非线性关系,这主要与PM_2.5对能见度的影响及吸湿性颗粒物的散射效率变化有关。PM_2.5浓度与能见度成幂函数非线性关系,80%≤RH<90%湿度区段下相关性最强。PM_2.5浓度对能见度的影响敏感阈值是随着湿度升高而减小的,干情景下能见度10 km对应的PM_2.5浓度阈值为70 μg/m³,湿情景下该阈值为18—55 μg/m³。当PM_2.5质量浓度低于约40 μg/m³时,继续降低PM_2.5可显著提高武汉大气能见度。预报试验表明,基于神经网络方法建立大气能见度非线性预报模型是可行的,预报能见度相关系数为0.86,均方根误差为1.9 km,能见度≤10 km的TS评分为0.92。网络模型具有较高预报性能,对霾的判别有较高准确性,为衔接区域环境气象数值预报模式,建立大气能见度精细化动力统计模型提供参考依据。  相似文献   

基于支持向量回归的PM2.5浓度实时预报     

朱亚杰  李琦  侯俊雄  冯逍  范竣翔 《测绘科学》2016,41(1):12-17,22

为了研究适合于我国当前重污染天气的实时空气质量预报模型,论文利用支持向量回归方法对北京市地面空气质量监测数据和气象数据进行分析,构建了基于支持向量回归的PM2.5浓度实时预报模型。实验表明,该方法能够对未来6日内的日均PM2.5浓度以及未来0~72h内的小时级PM2.5浓度进行预报,且模型训练过程和预报过程都耗时很短,适用于建立PM2.5浓度实时预报系统。  相似文献