Flood forecasting in Niger-Benue basin using satellite and quantitative precipitation forecast data     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2016

Availability of reliable, timely and accurate rainfall data is constraining the establishment of flood forecasting and early warning systems in many parts of Africa. We evaluated the potential of satellite and weather forecast data as input to a parsimonious flood forecasting model to provide information for flood early warning in the central part of Nigeria. We calibrated the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model using rainfall data from post real time Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi satellite Precipitation Analysis product (TMPA). Real time TMPA satellite rainfall estimates and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) rainfall products were tested for flood forecasting. The implication of removing the systematic errors of the satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) was explored. Performance of the rainfall-runoff model was assessed using visual inspection of simulated and observed hydrographs and a set of performance indicators. The forecast skill was assessed for 1–6 days lead time using categorical verification statistics such as Probability Of Detection (POD), Frequency Of Hit (FOH) and Frequency Of Miss (FOM). The model performance satisfactorily reproduced the pattern and volume of the observed stream flow hydrograph of Benue River. Overall, our results show that SREs and rainfall forecasts from weather models have great potential to serve as model inputs for real-time flood forecasting in data scarce areas. For these data to receive application in African transboundary basins, we suggest (i) removing their systematic error to further improve flood forecast skill; (ii) improving rainfall forecasts; and (iii) improving data sharing between riparian countries.  相似文献   

Evaluation of WRF-based convection-permitting multi-physics ensemble forecasts over China for an extreme rainfall event on 21 July 2012 in Beijing     

Kefeng Zhu  Ming Xue 《大气科学进展》2016,33(11):1240-1258

On 21 July 2012, an extreme rainfall event that recorded a maximum rainfall amount over 24 hours of 460 mm, occurred in Beijing, China. Most operational models failed to predict such an extreme amount. In this study, a convective-permitting ensemble forecast system (CEFS), at 4-km grid spacing, covering the entire mainland of China, is applied to this extreme rainfall case. CEFS consists of 22 members and uses multiple physics parameterizations. For the event, the predicted maximum is 415 mm d^-1 in the probability-matched ensemble mean. The predicted high-probability heavy rain region is located in southwest Beijing, as was observed. Ensemble-based verification scores are then investigated. For a small verification domain covering Beijing and its surrounding areas, the precipitation rank histogram of CEFS is much flatter than that of a reference global ensemble. CEFS has a lower (higher) Brier score and a higher resolution than the global ensemble for precipitation, indicating more reliable probabilistic forecasting by CEFS. Additionally, forecasts of different ensemble members are compared and discussed. Most of the extreme rainfall comes from convection in the warm sector east of an approaching cold front. A few members of CEFS successfully reproduce such precipitation, and orographic lift of highly moist low-level flows with a significantly southeasterly component is suggested to have played important roles in producing the initial convection. Comparisons between good and bad forecast members indicate a strong sensitivity of the extreme rainfall to the mesoscale environmental conditions, and, to less of an extent, the model physics.  相似文献   

GRAPES全球模式静力平衡奇异向量改进及应用试验     

霍振华  李晓莉  陈静  刘永柱 《气象学报》2021,79(2):282-299

采用线性化物理过程方案的GRAPES全球模式奇异向量在进行非线性模式积分时会有部分奇异向量出现崩溃问题,这说明奇异向量结构可能存在扰动变量之间不协调之处,需要对奇异向量扰动的计算方法优化,进而改进基于奇异向量的集合预报初值扰动,提高GRAPES全球集合预报效果。基于原有的GRAEPS全球奇异向量计算方法,在求解奇异向量时,对气压扰动的处理进行改进,将初始时刻的气压扰动分量通过位温扰动根据静力平衡关系导出获得,其他保持一致,发展了静力平衡奇异向量改进方法。基于有两个台风过程的个例（2019年8月8日12时（世界时））,分别采用原奇异向量方法和静力平衡奇异向量改进方法进行热带气旋目标区奇异向量的计算求解,并进行相应奇异向量的非线性模式积分,对比分析奇异向量非线性积分的稳定性。进而,对比分析奇异向量求解方法改进前、后热带气旋奇异向量的结构特征和初值扰动特征,开展了集合预报试验,评估改进后的奇异向量求解方法对GRAPES全球集合预报系统预报性能的影响。试验结果表明,静力平衡奇异向量改进方法通过产生协调的气压扰动和位温扰动场,解决了奇异向量非线性积分崩溃的问题,消除了原来不利于积分稳定性的气压扰动过于局地化的小尺度结构。静力平衡奇异向量改进方法对奇异向量中位温扰动分量和纬向风扰动分量结构影响较小,使得气压扰动分量的大值区位于台风附近,更好地描述热带气旋初值不确定性,与位温扰动分量的分布更加协调。采用静力平衡奇异向量改进方法,可以提高GRAPES全球集合预报在北半球和南半球等压面要素集合预报技巧和中国地区24 h累计降水概率预报技巧,增大台风路径集合离散度。   相似文献   

ON THE SENSITIVITY OF PRECIPITATION FORECASTS TO THE MOIST PHYSICS AND THE HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION OF NUMERICAL MODEL     

俞小鼎  Leif Laursen  Erik Rasmussen 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1997,(4)

The impacts of the enhanced model's moist physics and horizontal resolution upon the QPFs(quantitative precipitation forecasts)are investigated by applying the HIRLAM(high resolutionlimited area model)to the summer heavy-rain cases in China.The performance of the control run,for which a 0.5°×0.5°grid spacing and a traditional“grid-box supersaturation removal+Kuo typeconvective paramerization”are used as the moist physics,is compared with that of the sensitivityruns with an enhanced model's moist physics(Sundqvist scheme)and an increased horizontalresolution(0.25°×0.25°),respectively.The results show:(1)The enhanced moist physics scheme(Sundqvist scheme),by introducing the cloud watercontent as an additional prognostic variable and taking into account briefly of the microphysicsinvolved in the cloud-rain conversion,does bring improvements in the model's QPFs.Althoughthe deteriorated QPFs also occur occasionally,the improvements are found in the majority of thecases,indicating the great potential for the improvement of QPFs by enhancing the model's moistphysics.(2)By increasing the model's horizontal resolution from 0.5°×0.5°,which is already quitehigh compared with that of the conventional atmospheric soundings,to 0.25°×0.25°without thesimultaneous enhancement in model physics and objective analysis,the improvements in QPFs arevery limited.With higher resolution,although slight amelioration in locating the rainfall centersand in resolving some finer structures of precipitation pattern are made,the number of the mis-predicted fine structures in rainfall field increases with the enhanced model resolution as well.  相似文献   

日本数值预报产品降水预报准确性检验   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

张文达 《气象》1997,23(4):1-2

作者对日本部分数值预报产品对上海市市区的降水预报准确性作了初步检验。检验结果表明，它们的降水预报正确率仅为６０％左右，且月际变化较大，无明显规律。使用数值预报产品时必须结合本地区当时的实际情况，根据多种工具结合预报经验综合运用，不能盲目照搬。  相似文献   

A Conceptual Framework for Enhancing the Utility of Rainfall Hazard Forecasts for Agriculture in Marginal Environments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Muhammad?T.?UsmanEmail author  Emma?Archer  Peter?Johnston  Mark?Tadross 《Natural Hazards》2005,34(1):111-129

Semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas (especially in the tropics) are characterized by high inter-annual and intra-seasonal rainfall variability. Agriculture, which employs the bulk of the rapidly increasing populations, is largely rain-fed, low-input based and highly resource dependent. Recent spates of drought have, therefore, exacerbated the now-too-familiar specter of famine and starvation in these areas with glaring examples being the recurring episodes in sub-Saharan Africa since the great Sahel drought of 1969–1973. A great need for accurate and timely hazard forecast products in aid of agriculture thus exists.Several schemes are currently employed by various agencies around the globe in this direction. There does remain, however, a gap between product provision and user expectations. This paper examines this gap suggesting a five-point framework within which it can be addressed as an action agenda for the climate science community. The paper posits that changes are possible to existing methodologies (related to three of these points), which, within the context of current science, can greatly enhance the utility of forecast products for agriculture in marginal areas. The remaining two points have, however, been identified as requiring additional applied research and necessary pointers for addressing these issues are provided. First is the need for appropriate impact-related indicators for intra-seasonal and interannual rainfall variability that are easy to compute, amenable to forecasting and follow closely the experiences of farmers in marginal areas. The second is a consideration of appropriate forecast information formatting and communication medium that guarantee effective feedback between forecast producers and users. Specific examples of the status quo and of work currently underway are cited from southern Africa – a region currently attracting international attention as a result of recent droughts and the threat of famine.  相似文献   

Case studies of seasonal rainfall forecasts for Hong Kong and its vicinity using a regional climate model     

David Tai-Wai Hui  Karen Kit-Ying Shum  Ji Chen  Shyh-Chin Chen  Jack Ritchie  John O. Roads 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(1):193-207

Seasonal climate forecasts are one of the most promising tools for providing early warnings for natural hazards such as floods and droughts. Using two case studies, this paper documents the skill of a regional climate model in the seasonal forecasting of below normal rainfall in southern China during the rainy seasons of July–August–September 2003 and April–May–June 2004. The regional model is based on the Regional Spectral Model of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction of the United States. It is the first time that the model has been applied to a region dominated by the East Asian Monsoon. The article shows that the regional climate model, when being forced by reasonably good forecasts from a global model, can generate useful seasonal rainfall forecasts for the region, where it is dominated by the East Asia monsoon. The spatial details of the dry conditions obtained from the regional climate model forecast are also found to be comparable with the observed distribution.  相似文献   

Tropical Stratospheric Circulation and Monsoon Rainfall     

A.B. Sikder  S.K. Patwardhan  H.N. Bhalme 《大气科学进展》1993,10(3):379-385

Interannual variability of both SW monsoon (June-September) and NE monsoon (October-December) rainfall over subdivisions of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema and Tamil Nadu have been examined in relation to monthly zonal wind anomaly for 10 hPa, 30 hPa and 50 hPa at Balboa (9°N, 80°W) for the 29 year period (1958-1986). Correlations of zonal wind anomalies to SW monsoon rainfall (r = 0.57, significant at 1% level) is highest with the longer lead time (August of the previous year) at 10 hPa level suggesting some predictive value for Coastal Andhra Pradesh. The probabilities estimated from the contingency table reveal non-occurrence of flood during easterly wind anomalies and near non-occurrence of drought during westerly anomalies for August of the previous year at 10 hPa which provides information for forecasting of performance of SW monsoon over Coastal Andhra Pradesh. However, NE monsoon has a weak relationship with zonal wind anomalies of 10 hPa, 30 hPa and 50 hPa for Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Raya  相似文献   

A note on the performance of climatic forecasts for Asia based on the periodic portion of the data: 1986–1987     

Reid A. Bryson  Edward J. Hopkins 《Journal of Earth System Science》1993,102(1):105-112

Between 1973 and 1986 a group at the University of Wisconsin worked on the use of the periodic portion of climatic time series with the aim of exploring the potential for year-or-more in advance forecasting. This paper reports on the real time verification of the last sets of forecasts made by the group. From spectra of temperature and cube-rooted precipitation the dominant frequencies were chosen. These were usually related to tidal frequencies. A Fourier series of these dominant terms was then fitted to the dependent data set and future values calculated. These were analyzed for forecast skill, and the skillful Fourier series retained. Real time forecasts were then made. Verification shows a low probability that the forecast skills were obtained by chance. It is suggested that the periodic term might be a useful addition to more standard approaches to long range forecasting.  相似文献   

云南地区未来强震的概率预测     

杨子汉 《地震研究》1990,13(2):139-144

本文将云南地区分为三个地震预报区,利用马尔科夫齐次模型,分别计算了其未来5年和10年时间内可能发生M≥6.0、M≥6.5和M≥7.0级地震的概率。  相似文献