Non-equilibrium alcohol flooding model for immiscible phase remediation: 1. Equation development     

Stanley Reitsma  Bernard H. Kueper 《Advances in water resources》1998,21(8):1

The equations for a compositional model for simulation of a two-phase, three-component system with inter-phase mass transfer are developed. Emphasis is placed on development of inter-phase mass transfer equations for incorporation of rate-limited inter-phase mass transfer. Due to the nature of the three-component systems considered, a single-film model may be inadequate and a two-film model must be utilized. A two-film model accounts for the simultaneous transfer of components in both directions across phase interfaces. The effect of interaction between components on diffusion is considered using a general form of Fick's Law. A Hand Plot representation of ternary phase behavior is chosen since it allows for straightforward calculation of miscibility of bulk phases under conditions of local non-equilibrium. The developed set of equations form the basis for a numerical model to simulate the enhanced removal of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from porous media using single-component alcohol floods.  相似文献   

吉林大阳岔上寒武统凤山组—下奥陶统冶里组层序地层和化学地层研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张俊明  王海峰  李国祥 《地层学杂志》1999,23(2):81-88

根据岩相序列、沉积、成岩作用特征,将吉林省大阳岔地区晚寒武世凤山期至早奥陶世冶里期层序地层分为６个三级层序,代表了６个三级海侵—海退旋回;与之相应,该时期碳酸盐岩δ１３Ｃ值变化曲线出现５个低谷,其中凤山期至冶里早期泥晶灰岩δ１３Ｃ值出现４次幅度较大的上升、下降飘移,而冶里中、晚期泥晶灰岩的δ１３Ｃ值是在负值范围内波动。δ１３Ｃ值低谷与层序界面和海退事件基本拟合。牙形类Ｃ．ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｓ带下部海绿石质凝缩段是寒武纪末—奥陶纪初期最大海泛事件沉积,也是寒武纪与奥陶纪之交等时性的年代地层对比标志。  相似文献   

陆相盆地层序地层学研究中几个问题的探讨   总被引：17，自引：5，他引：12  

蔡希源  张明学 《现代地质》1999,13(3):287-290

将层序地层学理论应用于陆相盆地研究仍处于探索阶段。陆相盆地的层序界面、最大洪泛面和首次洪泛面的识别标志都有别于海相地层。依据层序地层学理论和对松辽盆地的探索性研究, 对陆相盆地提出了层序界面、最大洪泛面和首次洪泛面的识别标志。  相似文献   

Breach erosion of earthfill dams (BEED) model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

V. P. Singh  P. D. Scarlatos  J. G. Collins  M. R. Jourdan 《Natural Hazards》1988,1(2):161-180

A computer model has been developed for simulation of breach erosion of earthfill dams (BEED). The model incorporates the processes of surface erosion and slope sloughing to simulate breach enlargement. Depletion of reservoir water is approximated by a volume continuity equation while broad-crested weir hydraulics is utilized to describe flow over and through the breach. Due to the implicit form of these equations, an iterative solution is proposed with convergence achieved within only a few iterations. The BEED model is written in both FORTRAN 77 and BASIC computer languages. Testing of the model using historical data of the failures of Teton and Huaccoto dams showed that timing, shape, and magnitude of the predicted outflow hydrograph were adequately simulated by this model. The same is true for the dimensions of the terminal breach. A sensitivity analysis indicated that internal friction angle and the relation for surface erosion were the major factors affecting the model results.  相似文献   

东亚冬季风环流异常与中国江淮流域夏季旱涝天气的关系   总被引：66，自引：5，他引：66  

孙淑清  孙柏民 《气象学报》1995,53(4):440-450

选取１９５１—１９９１年中的长江淮河流域夏季旱涝各１０年，对它们前期的中高纬大型环流形势，低纬环流特征，垂直环流强弱，热带海洋状况等进行了对比诊断分析，其结果如下：长江淮河流域夏季旱年前冬（１２—１—２月），欧亚中高纬呈经向型环流，东亚大槽较常年强且南伸，乌拉尔山及鄂霍次克海阻塞形势发展，寒潮活动频繁，东亚沿海中低纬冷涌活动强烈，至使该经度带上的跨赤道气流加强，而且使南海至菲律宾地区的对流活动趋于活跃。而涝年前冬则基本上为相反形势。本文的分析清晰地揭示了旱涝年前冬东亚冬季风环流存在着明显的差别，促使我们寻找冬夏季风活动的可能联系及物理机制。  相似文献   

MONITORING OF 1991 EASTERN CHINA FLOODING WITH POLAR ORBITING METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES FY-1 AND NOAA          下载免费PDF全文

Xu Jianmin  Wang Dachang  Sa Yang  Xiao Qianguang  Feng Yurong 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1995,9(1):87-94

With polar orbiting meteorological satellites FY-1 and NOAA,flooding was monitored in the areas of the HuaiheRiver basin and the Taihu Lake region during June and July 1991.All satellite images from FY-1 and NOAA for concerned areas before and during flooding were examined.Thoseof cloud-free,with small amount of cumulus or thin cirrus were selected to exam the situation.Navigation and projec-tion were carefully performed,to ensure the projected images at different time overlap accurately with each other in 1—2pixels.Channel 1 (CH1) and Channel 2 (CH2) data of FY-1 and NOAA satellites with wavelength of 0.58—0.68μm and0.725—1.1μm were used to monitor the flooding.Albedo of Channel 2 and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) wereadopted as indicators to identify water body from land.With histogram and man-machine interactive methods,analysiswas done.In cloud-free condition,the two indicators identified the same area and scope of the water body.Totally cloud-free image in a large area is quite rare.To understand flood process,it is necessary to use more fre-quent images.It was investigated to distinguish water from land in partly cloudy condition.The result showed that whenthere is small amount of cumulus or thin cirrus,satellite images are still valuable in monitoring water body.In case ofmonitoring area covered with cirrus,vegetation index is useful,and while there is small amount of cumulus on land,albedo of Channel 2 can be used.Ten images from May 16 to August 18 of 1991 were examined.The results show that in the Lixiahe area,JiangsuProvince,the area submerged in total was the largest;along main stream of the Huaihe River,the Chuhe River,andaround the Chaohu Lake,a large percentage of area submerged;while in the Taihu Lake area,less field submerged.Flood monitoring was performed for 87 counties in the region concerned.These counties were put in order accord-ing to the percentage of submerged area in total.This order showed the extent of disaster at one view point.  相似文献   

Ordovician Graptolite Rhabdosome Complication and Its Implications on Sea Level Changes     

Wang Chuanshang  Wang Xiaofeng  Chen Xiaohong 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2002,13(3)

A total of four times of rhabdosome complication events, i.e., the lateral branching of graptolite stipes during the Late Middle Ordovician, the secondary branching of graptolite stipes at the earliest Upper Ordovician, the early Qiantangjiangian of Upper Ordovician and the middle Qiantangjiangian, respectively, is discussed in this paper. These events and other adaptation events demonstrate close relationships between a diverse graptolite fauna and sea level changes, and consequently can be employed to study sea level fluctuations. It is safe to conclude that the complication of rhabdosome started at the maximum flooding surface (MFS) and terminated at the beginning of regression.  相似文献   

Impacts of afforestation on groundwater resources and quality   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Alistair Allen  Deborah Chapman 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(4):390-400

Plans to double the proportion of land under forest cover in Ireland by the year 2035 have been initiated. The plan, primarily financially driven, ignores potential environmental impacts of forestry, particularly impacts on groundwater resources and quality. Since groundwater supplies almost 25% of Ireland's total potable water, these impacts are important. Field investigations indicate that afforestation leads to a reduction in runoff by as much as 20%, mainly due to interception of rainfall by forest canopies. Clearfelling has the opposite impact. Implications are that uncoordinated forestry practices can potentially exacerbate flooding. Groundwater recharge is affected by forestry, largely due to greater uptake of soil water by trees and to increased water-holding capacity of forest soils, arising from higher organic contents. Recharge rates under forests can be reduced to one tenth that under grass or heathland. Groundwater quality may be affected by enhanced acidification and nitrification under forests, due partly to scavenging of atmospheric pollutants by forest canopies, and partly to greater deposition of highly acid leaf litter. The slower recharge rates of groundwater under forests lead to significant delays in manifestation of deterioration in groundwater quality. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

1995年我国天气气候特点     

徐良炎 《气象》1996,22(4):17-19

１９９５年，我国大部地区降水正常或偏多，但季节分配不均。春季，北方干旱范围较大，陕、甘等省冬春夏连旱，旱情严重。汛期，江南及东北南部暴雨频繁，赣、湘、辽、吉等省发展严重洪涝。全国大部地区热量比较充足，但光照条件欠佳，部分地区作物遭受低温寡照或霜冻危害。登陆台风和热带风暴偏多，两广局地损失严重。部分地区遭受风雹或沙尘暴袭击。  相似文献   

热带环流异常对1998年长江流域特大洪涝的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

何敏  许力 《南京气象学院学报》2001,24(4):467-475

分析了造成1998年长江流域特大洪涝灾害的大尺度热带环流成因。指出1998年处在热带环流强度偏弱的气候阶段，西太平洋暖池地区对流活动偏弱，南海热带季风持续异常偏弱，副热带夏季风偏强度是造成长江持续强降水的主要原因；西太平洋热带对流层高低层环流系统的异常分布，为1998年长江特大洪涝提供了有利的环流背景，还探讨了热带环流异常影响换国夏季降水的可能途径，它们的关系在1998年夏季降水预测中得到应用。  相似文献