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61.
M. B. Baker A. M. Blyth H. J. Christian J. Latham K. L. Miller A. M. Gadian 《Atmospheric Research》1999,51(3-4)
The lightning frequency model developed by Baker et al. [Baker, M.B., Christian, H.J., Latham, J., 1995. A computational study of the relationships linking lightning frequency and other thundercloud parameters, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 1525–1548] has been refined and extended, in an effort to provide a more realistic framework from which to examine computationally the relationships that might exist between lightning frequency f (which is now being routinely measured from a satellite, using the NASA/MSFC Optical Transient Detector (OTD)) and a variety of cloud physical parameters. Specifically, superior or more comprehensive representations were utilised of: (1) glaciation via the Hallett–Mossop (H–M) process; (2) the updraught structure of the model cloud; (3) the liquid-water-content structure of the model cloud; (4) the role of the reversal temperature Trev in influencing lightning characteristics; (5) the critical breakdown field for lightning initiation; and (6) the electrical characteristics of the ice crystal anvil of the model cloud. Although our extended studies yielded some new insights into the problem, the basic pattern of relationships between f and the other parameters was very close to that reported by Baker et al. (1995). The more elaborate treatment of Trev restricted somewhat the range of conditions under which reverse-polarity lightning could be produced if the cloud glaciated via H–M, but confirmed the earlier conclusion that such lightning would not occur if the glaciation was of the Fletcher type. The computations yielded preliminary support for the hypothesis that satellite measurements of f might be used to determine values of the ice-content of cumulonimbus anvils: a parameter of climatological importance. The successful launch and continuing satisfactory functioning of the OTD [Christian, H.J., Goodman, S., 1992. Global observations of lightning from space, Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, St. Petersburg, pp. 316–321; Christian, H.J., Blakesee, R.J., Goodman, S.J., 1992. Lightning imaging sensor (LIS) for the earth observing system. NASA Tech. Memorandum, 4350] make it possible—with a high degree of precision—to measure lightning location, occurrence time and frequency f over extensive areas of the Earth's surface. Measured global distributions of lightning and associated lightning stroke radiance demonstrate that: lightning activity is particularly pronounced over the tropics, much greater over land than over the oceans, and exhibits great seasonal variability; lightning radiance tends to be greater over the oceans, less when lightning activity is high, and greater in the Northern Hemisphere winter than summer. 相似文献
62.
Jamesina J. Simpson 《Surveys in Geophysics》2009,30(2):105-130
Advances in computing technologies in recent decades have provided a means of generating and performing highly sophisticated
computational simulations of electromagnetic phenomena. In particular, just after the turn of the twenty-first century, improvements
to computing infrastructures provided for the first time the opportunity to conduct advanced, high-resolution three-dimensional
full-vector Maxwell’s equations investigations of electromagnetic propagation throughout the global Earth-ionosphere spherical
volume. These models, based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, are capable of including such details as
the Earth’s topography and bathymetry, as well as arbitrary horizontal/vertical geometrical and electrical inhomogeneities
and anisotropies of the ionosphere, lithosphere, and oceans. Studies at this level of detail simply are not achievable using
analytical methods. The goal of this paper is to provide an historical overview and future prospectus of global FDTD computational
research for both natural and man-made electromagnetic phenomena around the world. Current and future applications of global
FDTD models relating to lightning sources and radiation, Schumann resonances, hypothesized earthquake precursors, remote sensing,
and space weather are discussed.
相似文献
| Jamesina J. SimpsonEmail: |
63.
用远场辐射场反演云闪放电参数 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用地面电磁场遥感闪电放电参数无论是在实际应用还是理论研究中都具有重要意义。文中基于电流传输线模式 ,提出了一种用单站远场VLF/LF辐射场反演云内放电参数的简便方法。当传输线电流从底部传播到顶部的时间只有几微秒时 ,整个传输线的VLF/LF辐射可以近似成偶极子辐射 ,即远场辐射场与电流的时间变化率和传输线长度的乘积成正比。因此 ,对远场辐射场做时间积分就能获得完整的电流矩波形 (上升沿有所加宽 ) ,而且传输线模式中的重要参数 ,电流从底部传播到顶端经历的时间 ,也可以近似地用辐射场时间积分幅度与辐射场幅度之比来估计。这一方法具有估计云闪双极性大脉冲辐射过程的放电参数的潜力。 相似文献
64.
热带测雨卫星对淮河一次暴雨降水结构与闪电活动的研究 总被引：13，自引：8，他引：13
文中利用热带测雨卫星 (TRMM )搭载的测雨雷达 (PR)、闪电成像仪 (LIS)、GOES卫星红外通道辐射亮温(TBB)对 2 0 0 3年淮河汛期一锋面气旋系统的两个时次的探测结果 ,分析研究了降水结构及闪电活动 ,并与“98.7.2 0”武汉附近地区中尺度强降水的结构和闪电活动进行了比较。GOES的TBB、降水系统中的对流降水与层云降水比例、闪电活动频数随时间的变化均能表征锋面气旋系统的发展。TRMMPR探测结果表明 :冷锋降水狭窄细长 ,且均为强对流降水 (特别在冷锋加强时 ) ;暖锋宽广 ,且为大片层云降水 ,但其中存在面积不等的强对流降水云团 ;与“98.7.2 0”武汉附近地区中尺度强降水垂直结构的比较表明 ,锋面气旋降水的最大降水率出现在近地面 ,而中尺度强降水的最大降水率出现在低空 (3.0～ 3.5km) ,表明两者之间的降水微物理过程存在差别。TRMMLIS探测结果表明 :闪电活动均发生在冷锋的强对流降水云团中 ,暖锋中虽有强对流降水 ,但无闪电活动 ;闪电活动频数高所对应的降水廓线中、上部存在大量的冰相粒子。 相似文献
65.
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67.
雷暴单体合并进行中雷达回波参数演变及闪电活动的特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
雷暴单体合并是促使对流系统成长、增强、持久的重要因素,合并与灾害性天气有着密切的关系。针对23次合并样本（其中有闪电活动的样本10例）,利用多普勒雷达和Safir3000闪电定位系统的探测数据,基于雷达回波参数的构建与计算,分别以一次冰雹暴雨过程和一次强降水过程为例,对合并及雷暴系统的演变进行了物理过程分析,对所有样本特征进行了统计归纳。最后发现并验证了雷达回波参数FV40up-6（即6 km以上对流单体大于40 dBz体积的变率）常常在合并进行中出现突然减小现象,简称为"突降";同时揭示了合并进行中闪电活动的特征。具体结论如下:（1）就合并最初开始位置而言,高度在5 km之下的样本最多,比例达86%。从合并用时看（即RHI图中30 dBz回波开始衔接至最强回波合为一体为止）,全都在6-36 min,其中用时在12 min以内的占56.5%;达到30 min的仅占16%。合并开始后,在97%的样本中,回波参数V40（即大于40 dBz的总体积）、V40up-6（即6 km以上大于40 dBz的总体积）出现增大;V40增幅为7%-590%,V40up-6增幅为3%-638%;V40up-6最大值出现时刻距合并开始时刻12-18 min的,占总样本的60.1%;24-36 min的,占总样本的34.8%。（2）在雷暴单体合并进行中有"突降"现象的,占总样本的87%;其中又有77%的"突降"出现在距合并开始后的6-18 min内。（3）在10个闪电活动样本中,有9个样本在合并开始后,闪电频数出现了"跃增",甚至出现峰值;全部样本中参与放电的主正电荷区高度随着"突降"均有下降,降幅在1-4 km,而此时的闪电频数几乎没有变化。 相似文献
68.
The Northeast region of Brazil (NEB) concentrates on average 18 % of the total deaths associated with lightning strikes in Brazil. When considering population, the state of Piauí had the highest mortality rate in the region (1.8 deaths million−1), much higher than the national rate (0.8) and the NEB rate (0.5). This work aimed to evaluate the space-time distribution of total lightning (intracloud, cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground) in NEB, covering the period from 1998 to 2013. For this purpose, we used data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, which provided information on the occurrence of total lightning, and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor aboard on TERRA satellite, which provided the terrain elevation data to verify the influence of topography on the flash rate density (FRD). The full distribution was used to identify the hotspots (cities with the highest FRD), while the monthly distribution helped in the cluster analysis. NEB has great spatial and temporal variability of the recorded lightning rates, with average of 0–44.5 flash km-2 year−1. The regions with high total lightning rates are located in the states of Piauí, Maranhão and west of Bahia. The topography of the region seems to act as a facilitator of the convective process, leading to the formation of intense upward currents, essential for the generation of electric charges inside thunderstorms. CAPE values showed good relationship with lightning occurrence in the region. The cluster with the highest occurrence of lightning and hotspots is in the region of influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and Mesoscale Convective Systems, suggesting an important relationship with large organized cloud systems. 相似文献
69.
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