城市下垫面反照率变化对北京市热岛过程的影响——个例分析   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13  

江晓燕  张朝林高华　苗世光 《气象学报》2007,65(2):301-307

随着城市的不断发展,城区地表反照率等下垫面物理特征和属性会发生明显的变化,进而会对城市热岛等大气环境形成影响。文中使用中国气象科学研究院开发的新一代数值天气预报模式(GRAPES),针对2004年10月北京一次重空气污染事件中的典型城市热岛过程,分别设计了两种数值试验方案:(1)对照试验,使用模式缺省的城区下垫面反照率参数,取值0.18;(2)敏感性试验,参考同期中国科学院大气物理研究所铁塔280m高度下垫面反照率观测事实,将北京区域城市类型下垫面反照率减小至0.15。通过对比两种试验方案在1km水平分辨率下的24h模拟结果,研究了城市下垫面反照率变化对北京地区城市热岛过程的影响。结果表明:(1)GRAPES模式可成功模拟此次热岛过程中城区和郊区近地面温度的日变化趋势;(2)城市下垫面反照率的变化对城市热岛的发展非常重要,城市反照率下降0.03会使城市热岛强度增强0.8℃左右,结果也更接近实况。这说明随着城市发展引起的地表反照率减小有利于城市热岛强度增加;(3)通过分析地表的长波辐射发现,在城市区域较小反照率情形下,城区的长波辐射始终比郊区大,有利于热岛的形成;同时也有利于城区近地层的风场辐合增加,对此次污染过程的发展是有利的。  相似文献   

Potential impacts of aerosol–land–atmosphere interactions on the Indian monsoonal rainfall characteristics     

Dev Niyogi  Hsin-I Chang  Fei Chen  Lianhong Gu  Anil Kumar  Surabi Menon  Roger A. Pielke Sr. 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(2):345-359

Aerosols can affect the cloud-radiation feedback and the precipitation over the Indian monsoon region. In this paper, we propose that another pathway by which aerosols can modulate the multi-scale aspect of Indian monsoons is by altering the land–atmosphere interactions. The nonlinear feedbacks due to aerosol/diffuse radiation on coupled interactions over the Indian monsoon region are studied by: (1) reviewing recent field measurements and modeling studies, (2) analyzing the MODIS and AERONET aerosol optical depth datasets, and (3) diagnosing the results from sensitivity experiments using a mesoscale modeling system. The results of this study suggest that the large magnitude of aerosol loading and its impact on land–atmosphere interactions can significantly influence the mesoscale monsoonal characteristics in the Indo-Ganges Basin.  相似文献   

西藏日土-改则6.1级地震前的OLR值异常变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭卫英  王琼  温和平  高歌 《内陆地震》2007,21(4):311-315

应用了美国国家环境监测中心的NOAA卫星长波辐射(OLR)月际资料。用月距平、涡度计算等处理方法,对2007年5月5日西藏日土—改则MS6.1地震前后的OLR资料进行分析,结果发现在震前的2个月,震中附近地区出现明显的高值辐射变化,其高值中心位于阿尔金断裂和西昆仑地震带的交汇部位,异常形态呈孤立的"V"字形,分析认为这种现象可能与地震前的热动力状态有关。  相似文献   

雨季前后珠峰地区近地层气象要素、辐射及能量平衡分量变化特征     

仲雷  马耀明  苏中波  王永杰  吕雅琼  朱志鵾 《高原气象》2007,26(6):1269-1275

利用架设在珠峰北坡4475m高度处的一套开路涡动协方差测量系统,对曲宗地区的大气状况进行了连续观测.分析了近地层气象要素、辐射平衡各分量和能量平衡各分量在高原雨季前(5月),雨季中(7月)和雨季后(11月)的变化特征.通过分析,发现曲宗地区气温和相对湿度日平均变化均呈单峰单谷型特征,气压则呈双峰双谷型特征,风速日变化为单峰型特征,风速一般在午后突然增大.伴随着雨季的爆发,曲宗地区气温升高,相对湿度增大,气压升高,风速减小.主导风向由东北风转换成西南风.雨季前后,辐射平衡各分量及能量平衡各分量均具有明显的变化趋势.  相似文献   

兰州市南山绿化地裸地冬季地表辐射及能量收支对比     

奥银焕  陈玉春  杨胜朋 《高原气象》2007,26(4):693-700

利用2005年12月7~29日在兰州市皋兰山顶获取的地气相互作用观测资料,对比分析了冬季典型晴天和平均状态下绿化地与裸地地表辐射、能量收支及土壤温、湿度的日变化特征。结果表明:绿化地和裸地太阳总辐射、大气长波辐射很接近,地表短波和长波向上辐射因不同下垫面特征不同而差异较大;地表能量平衡绿化地、裸地均以感热输送为主,土壤热通量和潜热输送很小,尤其是潜热通量,峰值往往不超过10 W.m-2;观测发现绿化地感热比裸地高,这一反常现象值得进一步研究证实;观测期平均特征与晴天比较接近,表明云和降雪的扰动影响有限;绿化地、裸地地表日平均反照率相对稳定,绿化地日平均反照率在0.20~0.28之间变化,裸地在0.25~0.31之间变化,平均值分别为0.21和0.29。  相似文献   

Processing and quality control of flux data during LITFASS-2003   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Matthias Mauder  Claudia Liebethal  Mathias Göckede  Jens-Peter Leps  Frank Beyrich  Thomas Foken 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,121(1):67-88

Different aspects of the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) of micrometeorological measurements were combined to create a comprehensive algorithm which was then applied to experimental data from LITFASS-2003 (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain—Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a long term Study). Eddy-covariance measurements of the latent heat flux were the main focus of the QA/QC efforts. The results of a turbulence sensor intercomparison experiment showed deviations between the different eddy-covariance systems on the order of 15%, or less than 30 W m⁻², for the latent heat flux and 5%, or less than 10 W m⁻², for the sensible heat flux. In order to avoid uncertainties due to the post-processing of turbulence data, a comprehensive software package was used for the analysis of experimental data from LITFASS-2003, including all necessary procedures for corrections and quality control. An overview of the quality test results shows that for most of the days more than 80% of the available latent heat flux data are of high quality so long as there are no instrumental problems. The representativeness of a flux value for the target land-use type was analysed using a stochastic footprint model. Different methods to calculate soil heat fluxes at the surface are discussed and a sensitivity analysis is conducted to select the most robust method for LITFASS-2003. The lack of energy balance closure, which was found for LITFASS-2003, can probably be attributed to the presence of low-frequency flux contributions that cannot be resolved with an averaging time of 30 min. Though the QA/QC system has been developed for the requirements of LITFASS-2003, it can also be applied to other experiments dealing with similar objectives.  相似文献   

“资源一号”卫星星内粒子探测器对扰动事件的观测   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

邹鸿  肖佐  郝永强  邹积清  仲维英  吴中祥  向宏文  朱文明 《地球物理学报》2006,49(3):636-641

本文比较了在太阳平静和扰动时期“资源一号”卫星星内粒子探测器对卫星舱内高能粒子的观测结果，发现在平静时期观测结果很好地反映了辐射带高能粒子在该高度上的分布情况.在扰动时期，粒子探测器观测到高能粒子分布出现重大变化，本文进一步讨论了影响高能粒子在近地空间分布的可能因素.  相似文献   

A Model to Calculate what a Remote Sensor ‘Sees’ of an Urban Surface   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

A. Soux  J. A. Voogt  T. R. Oke 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,112(2):401-424

Whilst the measurement of radiation emissions from a surface is relatively straightforward, correct interpretation and proper utilization of the information requires that the surface area seen be known accurately. This becomes non-trivial when the target is an urban surface, due to its complex three-dimensional form and the different thermal, radiative and moisture properties of its myriad surface facets. The geometric structure creates shade patterns in combination with the solar beam and obscures portions of the surface from the sensor, depending on where it is pointing and its field-of-view (FOV). A model to calculate these surface-sensor-sun relations (SUM) is described. SUM is tested against field and scale model observations, and theoretical calculations, and found to perform well. It can predict the surface area seen by a sensor of known FOV pointing in any direction when placed at any point in space above a specified urban surface structure. Moreover, SUM can predict the view factors of the roof, wall and ground facets seen and whether they are sunlit or shaded at any location and time of day. SUM can be used to determine the optimal placement and orientation of remote sensors to study urban radiation emissions; if the facet temperatures are known or modelled it can calculate the average temperature of the system, and it can determine the directional variation of temperature (anisotropy) due to any particular surface-sensor-sun geometric combination. The present surface geometry used in SUM is relatively simple, but there is scope to make it increasingly realistic.  相似文献   

绿洲边缘夏季小气候特征及地表辐射与能量平衡特征分析   总被引：28，自引：15，他引：13  

张宇  吕世华  陈世强  奥银焕  胡泽勇  韦志刚 《高原气象》2005,24(4):527-533

利用“绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验”加强期(IOP)在甘肃省酒泉市金塔绿洲观测的资料,分析了夏季金塔绿洲边缘的小气候特征及地表辐射收支和地表能量平衡特征。作为绿洲沙漠相互作用的界面,在白天绿洲边缘的垂直运动仍然是以上升气流为主,并且其小气候主要受土壤湿度的影响。中午前后绿洲边缘的总辐射最大值在1000W.m-2左右,净辐射>700W.m-2;在白天,仅有个别天数的感热通量超过100W.m-2,最大值仅为150W.m-2左右。在整个观测期,有超过70%的天数出现负感热通量。而Bowen比在±10-1量级,地表能量不平衡的差额较大,约28%。  相似文献   

Radiative Exchange in an Urban Street Canyon   总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1  

Ian N. Harman  Martin J. Best  Stephen E. Belcher 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,110(2):301-316

The influence of building geometry on the radiation terms ofthe surface energy balance is a principal reason for surfacetemperature differences between rural and urban areas.Methods exist to calculate the radiation balance in an urban area,but their validity across the range of urban geometries andmaterials has not been carefully considered.Here the exchange of diffuse radiation in an urban street canyon isinvestigated using a method incorporating all reflections of radiation.This exact solution is compared to two commonly used approximationsthat retain either no reflections, or just one reflection of radiation.The area-averaged net radiative flux density from the facets of the canyondecreases in magnitude monotonically as the canyon aspect ratio increases.The two approximate solutions possess unphysical differences from thismonotonic decrease for high canyon aspect ratios or low materialemissivities/high material albedos.The errors of the two approximate solutions are small for near blackbodymaterials and small canyon aspect ratios but can be an order ofmagnitude for intermediate material properties and deep street canyons.Urban street canyon models need to consider at least one reflectionof radiation and multiple reflections are desirable for full applicability.  相似文献