Urban parks as shared spaces? The utility of alert distances as indicators of avian tolerance of humans in Stirling, Scotland   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Michael O'Neal Campbell 《Area》2006,38(3):301-311

Urban avian foraging is strongly affected by approaching people. Avian alert distances, the instant of a bird's appraisal of human intrusion, have not been studied in a comparative mode for passerines, despite their prominent ecological importance in parks. Alert distances for 13 passerines were examined in parks in Stirling, Scotland, using an innovative approach emphasizing human behaviour and periods between alert and flight distances, termed alert periods. Larger species were less tolerant of humans, although attracted to human wastes. Alert distances also varied according to vegetation variation. Park design may use alert distances to plan vegetation layout as well as reduce disturbing human behaviour.  相似文献   

鸭绿江口湿地恢复对迁徙涉禽保护的影响分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

严梅芳  贾娜 《湿地科学与管理》2006,2(2):20-23

本文通过对鸭绿江口湿地如何开展人工湿地恢复工作,以及湿地恢复后迁徙涉禽在这一区域的数量、种类以及繁育的变化情况的调查,详细分析了湿地恢复对迁徙涉禽保护的影响,并提出鸭绿江口湿地恢复合理化建议。  相似文献   

海鸟活动在东南极中山站区莫愁湖沉积物中的记录   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

刘晓东  孙立广  谢周清  朱仁斌  尹雪斌  赵三平 《极地研究》2004,16(4):295-309

本文对采自东南极拉斯曼丘陵中山站区的莫愁湖沉积物的元素、氨基酸和Sr同位素组成进行了详细的地球化学分析。结果表明莫愁湖沉积物中Zn、Cu、F、S、P、Se等六种元素具有共同的物质来源,其标型组合特征很可能揭示了莫愁湖沉积物在历史时期曾受到过企鹅等海鸟粪的影响,沉积物中酸溶相Sr同位素组成则确认了海洋源Sr的生物地球化学转移过程。酸溶相87Sr/86Sr值和研究区的新鲜海鸟粪酸溶相Sr同位素组成基本一致,都非常接近于海洋来源锶同位素组成(87Sr/86Sr=0.7092),并且沉积物中的生物元素Zn、Cu、F、S、P、Se含量和酸溶相Sr浓度具有非常高的统计相关性。酸溶相的87Sr/86Sr比值和反映湖泊中藻类等生物自然生成量的氨基酸含量表现出明显的负相关关系,进一步揭示了莫愁湖沉积物在历史时期曾受到企鹅等海鸟活动的影响。上述研究结果为更深入地研究该地区的生态、气候和环境的演变历史及其相互作用提供了有价值的参考资料。  相似文献   

An evaluation of beached bird monitoring approaches     

Seys J  Offringa H  Van Waeyenberge J  Meire P  Kuijken E 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(4):322-333

Oil-pollution monitoring at sea through beach bird surveying would undoubtedly benefit from a further standardisation of methods, enhancing the efficiency of data collection. In order to come up with useful recommendations, we evaluated various approaches of beached bird collection at the Belgian coast during seven winters (1993-1999). Data received in a passive way by one major rehabilitation centre were compared to the results of targeted beach surveys carried out at different scales by trained ornithologists: 'weekly' surveys - with a mean interval of 9 days - restricted to a fixed 16.7 km beach stretch, 'monthly' surveys over the entire coastline (62.1 km) and an annual 'international' survey in Belgium over the same distance at the end of February. Data collected through Belgian rehabilitation centres concern injured, living birds collected in a non-systematical way. Oil rates derived from these centres appear to be strongly biased to oiled auks and inshore bird species, and are hence of little use in assessing the extent of oil pollution at sea. The major asset of rehabilitation centres in terms of data collection seems to be their continuous warning function for events of mass mortality. Weekly surveys on a representative and large enough section rendered reliable data on oil rates, estimates of total number of bird victims, representation of various taxonomic groups and species-richness and were most sensitive in detecting events quickly (wrecks, oil-slicks, severe winter mortality, etc.). Monthly surveys gave comparable results, although they overlooked some important beaching events and demonstrated slightly higher oil rates, probably due to the higher chance to miss short-lasting wrecks of auks. Since the monthly surveys in Belgium were carried out by a network of volunteers and were spread over a larger beach section, they should be considered as best performing. Single 'international beached bird surveys' in February gave reliable data on total victim number (once the mean ratio between numbers in various months is known) and oil rate (provided a sufficiently large sample can be collected), but failed in tracking events. It is a particularly attractive approach because of its long tradition, resulting in invaluable long-term databases, and the uniformity in which these surveys are organised on a large scale. The minimal distance for a monthly survey amounts to 25-30 km (40-50% of Belgian coastline) up to 40 km (65%) in order to attain sound figures for oil rate and species-richness, respectively. These distances are primarily determined by the number of bird corpses that may be collected and are hence a function of beaching intensity and corpse detection rate.  相似文献   

辽西含鸟化石层同位素年龄讨论——来自磁性地层的证据     

孙知明杨振宇  赵越杨天水  裴军令许坤 《地质通报》2002,21(1):41-44

通过对辽西及邻区白垩纪不同剖面的磁性地层资料的综合分析,对比国际中生代地磁极性年表,指出义县组含鸟化石层的地质时代至少应老于M13正极性时(129.6Ma)所对应的地质年代,介于131.71～142.27Ma之间。综合研究表明,Swisher等通过沉凝灰岩中透长石Ar-Ar法测定的义县组含鸟化石层的同位素年龄(124.6±0.2)Ma值得商榷。  相似文献   

基于遗传算法的海洋地震拖缆避险工况阵列控制研究     

李扬  张维竞 《海洋工程》2015,33(1):114-118

针对海洋地震拖缆系统上位机对多个“水鸟”的控制问题,选取一种海上常见避险工况,对该工况进行分析计算,建立数学模型并利用“罚函数法”进行约束处理,得出基于遗传算法的适应度函数,并提出适用于该类工况一般情况的适应度函数公式,该公式能够完成对该工况所有情形的控制。实例表明该方法易于操作,计算得出的结果符合控制要求。  相似文献   

Trends in chronic marine oil pollution in Danish waters assessed using 22 years of beached bird surveys     

Larsen JL  Durinck J  Skov H 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(9):1333-1340

Beached bird surveys provide an important tool for monitoring the level of oil pollution at sea, which is the most significant observable cause of death for a large number of waterbird species and pose a serious threat to wintering seabird populations. Linear regression analyses of oil rates from the Danish 22 year dataset show a decline in the oil pollution level in offshore areas of the eastern North Sea and Skagerrak and in near-shore parts of the Kattegat; but a worsening in the offshore areas of the Kattegat. These results raise concern for species such as common scoter, velvet scoter, eider and razorbill, for which the Kattegat serves as a globally important wintering area. It is recommended that surveillance for oil spills is intensified in inner Danish waters, and that action is taken to make responses towards offenders faster, and penalties for oil seepage higher.  相似文献   

Re-evaluating the use of beached bird oiling rates to assess long-term trends in chronic oil pollution     

Wilhelm SI  Robertson GJ  Ryan PC  Tobin SF  Elliot RD 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(2):249-255

The oiling rate (oiled birds/total birds) has become the international standard to analyze beached bird survey data. However, this index may not reliably track long-term changes in marine oil pollution in regions where other activities that kill seabirds vulnerable to oil, such as hunting and gill-netting, are also changing. We compare the oiling rate from beached bird surveys conducted in southeastern Newfoundland between 1984 and 2006 to an alternative approach, namely trends derived from a model examining the linear density of oiled birds (birds/km). In winter, there was no change in the oiling rate since 1984, while in summer oiling rates significantly increased. In contrast, the number of oiled birds/km showed a significant decline in both winter and summer. The discrepancy in these trends was attributed to steep declines in the number of unoiled birds found in both seasons. In winter, the decline in unoiled birds/km was related to a reduction in the legal murre hunt and less onshore winds, while in summer a reduced cod fishery resulting in fewer murres drowning in nets and warming summers may have lead to the decline. The significant declines in oiled birds/km over the past three decades are hopefully an indication of less oil being present in the marine environment. Although oiled bird densities since 2000 have remained relatively low for the region (winter: 0.58 birds/km, summer: 0.27 birds/km), they still exceed densities reported elsewhere in the world.  相似文献   

AVIAN NESTING HABITS AND VEGETATION STRUCTURE     

Kathleen C. Parker 《The Professional geographer》1987,39(1):47-58

Discriminant analysis is used to identify relationships between vegetation structure and nesting behavior in 78 breeding bird communities in North America. Results indicated that bird communities associated with structurally similar vegetation exhibited similar arrays of nesting habits despite their geographical separation. Tree-cavity, intermediate-cup, and high-cup nesters dominated forests and woodlands; ground-cup and ground-scrape nesters dominated grasslands; and low-cup nesters dominated desert, scrub, and some woodland sites. These functional relationships are distinct from previously reported continental scale relationships between avian feeding habits and gross vegetation structure. Links between nesting behavior and vegetation structure provide us, as geographers, with a means for placing birds into a physical landscape perspective.  相似文献   

西双版纳山地不同森林景观鸟类多样性     

王直军  ChrisCarpenter 《山地学报》1998,(3)

研究了在不同形式人类经济活动下的森林景观变化与西双版纳地区鸟类多样性的关系．同时对发展生产时的用地布局和维护森林景观的动态发展与提高人们生活质量和持续发展的关系进行了讨论．  相似文献