Bed scour by debris flows: experimental investigation of effects of debris‐flow composition          下载免费PDF全文

Tjalling de Haas  Teun van Woerkom 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(13):1951-1966

Debris flows can grow greatly in size by entrainment of bed material, enhancing their runout and hazardous impact. Here, we experimentally investigate the effects of debris‐flow composition on the amount and spatial patterns of bed scour and erosion downstream of a fixed to erodible bed transition. The experimental debris flows were observed to entrain bed particles both grain by grain and en masse, and the majority of entrainment was observed to occur during passage of the flow front. The spatial bed scour patterns are highly variable, but large‐scale patterns are largely similar over 22.5–35° channel slopes for debris flows of similar composition. Scour depth is generally largest slightly downstream of the fixed to erodible bed transition, except for clay‐rich debris flows, which cause a relatively uniform scour pattern. The spatial variability in the scour depth decreases with increasing water, gravel (= grain size) and clay fraction. Basal scour depth increases with channel slope, flow velocity, flow depth, discharge and shear stress in our experiments, whereas there is no correlation with grain collisional stress. The strongest correlation is between basal scour and shear stress and discharge. There are substantial differences in the scour caused by different types of debris flows. In general, mean and maximum scour depths become larger with increasing water fraction and grain size, and decrease with increasing clay content. However, the erodibility of coarse‐grained experimental debris flows (gravel fraction = 0.64) is similar on a wide range of channel slopes, flow depths, flow velocities, discharges and shear stresses. This probably relates to the relatively large influence of grain‐collisional stress to the total bed stress in these flows (30–50%). The relative effect of grain‐collisional stress is low in the other experimental debris flows (<5%), causing erosion to be largely controlled by basal shear stress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluation of bedload yield in gravel-bed rivers using scour chains and painted tracers: the case of the Esconavette Torrent (Southern French Prealps)     

《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-2):23-34

The event-based bedload yields of a small gravel-bed river (the Esconavette Torrent) have been concomitantly determined by surveying coarse sediment deposition in a trap and by monitoring the active layer of the bed and the displacement of painted tracers. The geometry of the active layer was obtained by means of scour chains and topographic resurveys. The cumulative bedload yield of 4 flow events measured in the trap and by the chain and tracer approach was respectively 174 and 153 m³. The consistency between those two field-based estimates confirms that the deployment of scour chains and tracers in gravel-bed rivers have the potential to provide a robust assessment of bedload transport. This potential theoretically depends on the spatial density of scour chains and the ability of the tracing technique to fit the grain size distribution of the active layer. The results demonstrate that a distance between scour chains that represents 10-15% of the active channel width is sufficient for a rather accurate determination of event bedload transport rate by reconstruction of scour and fill throughout a cross-section.  相似文献   

洪水致弯曲河道挡墙稳定性衰变     

张瑞刚  许光祥  王林峰  康海  苏丽梅  刘丽 《岩土力学》2018,39(1):63-70

天然河道蜿蜒曲折,河湾处环流助长紊动、引发凹岸淘蚀冲刷,导致沿河公路挡墙水毁频发。针对弯道水流运动规律,对洪水条件下弯道挡墙进行受力分析;基于挡墙稳定性分析力学模型,推导了弯曲河道挡墙稳定系数计算公式,给出挡墙基底极限冲深计算方程。通过算例验证了在河湾平缓条件下弯道洪水冲击计算的合理性,并对挡墙稳定性衰减影响因素进行分析。结果表明：洪水上涨时,在墙底未发生冲刷条件下,随着弯道处洪水对挡墙的冲击荷载增大,挡墙稳定性提高;在墙底发生冲刷条件下,挡墙稳定性降低,墙底淘蚀可能导致挡墙倾覆失稳。洪水陡落时,挡墙稳定性随挡墙前后水位差增大而降低,挡墙的抗滑稳定系数衰减速度比抗倾覆稳定系数衰减速度更快,挡墙滑移失稳可能性较大。得出的挡墙稳定系数计算方法的结果与现场情况基本吻合,可为类似沿河挡墙的设计与研究提供理论参考。  相似文献   

Erosion mechanism of local scour around cushioned caisson on reinforced ground     

Chen Wang  Xiong Yu 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2017,35(7):1028-1036

The scour behavior of cushioned caisson constructed on reinforced ground, which is used to support superstructure constructed in deep water in seismic zones, was investigated by experimental and numerical methods. Flume tests under nine different flow velocities between 18 and 48?cm/s were performed based on hydraulic similarity design. Complementary numerical simulations were also conducted for the flow velocities ranging from 16 to 46?cm/s. Five typical working modes of the foundation under erosion, namely, ideal working, well working, edge failure, shear failure, and total failure, are analyzed together with their potential impacts on seismic-designed foundation. The critical shear stress, local flow structures, and streamlines were used as the key factors to analyze the change of bed materials and the scour characteristics. Fluid–solid interaction model was built by computational fluid dynamics with sediment transport model, and k–ε turbulent model has been implemented to describe the turbulence in the fluid phase typical of scour process. The mechanisms of two possible failure models for the foundation layer elements were identified, based on which recommendations were provided for scour protection to ensure the integrity and performance of seismic-designed foundations. The integrated computational model and model experiments also demonstrate a framework to understand the local scour mechanism for the cushioned caisson on reinforced ground.  相似文献   

考虑局部冲刷的跨海桥梁桩基基础波流力          下载免费PDF全文

孙天霆  王树鹏  潘军宁  王登婷  刘清君 《水科学进展》2019,30(6):863-871

跨海桥梁桩基基础所受的波流荷载是跨海桥梁设计中重点考虑的荷载之一,实际工程中波流力的计算多参考《港口与航道水文规范:JTS145—2015》中推荐的单桩桩基基础波流力计算方法,未合理考虑局部冲刷形状的影响。以港珠澳大桥为例,在桩基基础波流力和冲刷试验结果的基础上,通过对计算模型中流速、C_D、C_M等参数的选取进行修正,提出了考虑局部冲刷形状的桩基基础波流力计算方法,在保证工程安全性的同时兼顾了工程的经济性,并成功应用于港珠澳大桥桥梁桩基的设计中。  相似文献   

Bridge pier failure probabilities under combined hazard effects of scour, truck and earthquake. Part II: failure probabilities     

Zach Liang  George C. Lee 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2013,12(2):241-250

In many regions of the world, a bridge will experience multiple extreme hazards during its expected service life. The current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications are formulated based on failure probabilities, which are fully calibrated for dead load and non-extreme live loads. Design against earthquake load effect is established separately. Design against scour effect is also formulated separately by using the concept of capacity reduction (or increased scour depth). Furthermore, scour effect cannot be linked directly to an LRFD limit state equation because the latter is formulated using force-based analysis. This paper (in two parts) presents a probability-based procedure to estimate the combined hazard effects on bridges due to truck, earthquake and scour, by treating the effect of scour as an equivalent load effect so that it can be included in reliability-based failure calculations. In Part I of this series, the general principle for treating the scour depth as an equivalent load effect is presented. In Part II, the corresponding bridge failure probability, the occurrence of scour as well as simultaneously having both truck load and equivalent scour load effect are quantitatively discussed. The key formulae of the conditional partial failure probabilities and the necessary conditions are established. In order to illustrate the methodology, an example of dead, truck, earthquake and scour effects on a simple bridge pile foundation is represented.  相似文献   

Artificial neural network study of observed pattern of scour depth around bridge piers     

Abidin Kaya 《Computers and Geotechnics》2010

An artificial neural networks (ANN) model is developed to study the observed pattern of local scour at bridge piers using an FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) data set composed of 380 measurements at 56 bridges in 13 states. Various ANN estimates of observed pier scour depth on different choices of input variables are examined. Reducing the number of variables from 14 to 9 has negligible effect on the coefficient of determination, R², (0.73 vs. 0.72). Further sensitivity analysis indicates that pier scour depth can be estimated using only four variables: pier shape and skew, flow depth and velocity with a coefficient of determination of 0.81, suggesting that inclusion of some variables actually diminishes the quality of ANN predictions of short term observed pattern of scour. The ANN estimates indicate that flow depth and flow velocity make up 66% of the coefficient of determination.  相似文献   

单一贴壁四面体框架绕流场三维数值模拟          下载免费PDF全文

高柱  殷杰  唐洪武  郭红民 《水科学进展》2010,21(2):161-166

四面体透水框架群作为一种新型的防冲促淤措施已经在各种河流工程中得到推广应用,由于其特殊的几何形状,仅依靠常见的量测手段确定其绕流场结构存在较大困难,使得对该类方法防护机理的理解受到限制。在CFD通用程序Fluent平台上建立三维水动力数值模型,对单一贴壁四面体透水框架的清水流场进行模拟,并与超声测速仪(ADV)实测结果进行对比验证。研究表明该数值模型有效地补充了三维复杂流场的物理实验结果,有助于理解四面体框架的防护机理。改变水力参数,计算得到阻力系数C_D相对于雷诺数Re的变化曲线,当Re>105时,单一贴壁四面体框架的阻力系数C_D为一常数值,大小为1.557。  相似文献   

Sea-floor scour at the mouth of Hudson Strait by deep-keeled icebergs from the Laurentide Ice Sheet     

J.M. Metz  J.A. Dowdeswell  C.M.T. Woodworth-Lynas 《Marine Geology》2008,253(3-4):149-159

Physical evidence on the dimensions of icebergs released from the mouth of Hudson Strait into the northwest Atlantic during the last Heinrich event (H-0) is presented. Side-scan sonar imagery shows scour marks up to 700 m wide and longer than 28 km. These scour marks were carved by gigantic icebergs (megabergs) with keel drafts possibly as great as 660 m capable of scouring trenches 20 to 25 m deep into the seabed. These icebergs were likely calved from the grounding margin of a thick (possibly as thick as 640 m) rapidly-flowing glacial margin during the H-0 Heinrich event (11 ka BP). Along with the relatively few megabergs released were large numbers of smaller icebergs that calved from the ice margin at the same time and were also produced from break-up of the megabergs. Scouring of the seabed by the large and smaller icebergs happened at the same time, with megabergs scouring only in the deep waters of Hatton Basin, and the smaller bergs scouring only on the eastern, shallow margin of the Basin at the continental shelf break.  相似文献   

推进波作用下海底管线周围局部冲刷试验研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

潘冬子  王立忠  潘存鸿  胡金春 《海洋工程》2007,25(4):27-32

考虑行波作用下的海底管线的局部冲刷问题。采用波浪水槽模型试验的方法,研究波浪荷载引起的管线周围局部冲刷机理和冲刷形态,探讨行波作用下管线周围局部冲刷的演化规律,包括冲刷起动、水土界面沙波的形成以及平衡冲刷深度与KC数(keulegan-carpenter number)和相对埋置深度的关系。  相似文献