冰岛北部Hamar地热田开采模型     

李成 Tulim.  H 《高校地质学报》1997,3(3):308-313

冰岛北部Ｈａｍａｒ地热田是一低温地热田，１９６６年以来，已完成１１口钻井，根据地热田温度，压力的观测数据，通过模拟方法，了解地热系统的物理状态和参数，可以为制定合理的长期开采，管理方案提供科学依据，本文采用一种集总参数模型模拟计算了地热系统的物理状态和参数，进一步预测了不同开采量条件下该地热系统的压力变化，提出了比较合理的开采方案。  相似文献   

贵州麻山冰洲石矿床成因的初步研究     

金志升  朱成明  刘钧  蔡恩照 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》1997,(3)

贵州麻山冰洲石矿床成因的初步研究＊金志升朱成明刘钧蔡恩照（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵州５５０００２）关键词方解石冰洲石成因晶体生长贵州省望谟县麻山地区分布有大小不等的方解石、冰洲石矿点数十处，是我国较重要的冰洲石产地之一。曹俊臣［１］曾对该地区冰洲...  相似文献   

A Quantitative Assessment of Buffers among Temperature Variations, Livestock, and the Human Population of Iceland, 1784 to 1900     

Daniel E. Vasey 《Climatic change》2001,48(1):243-263

In this study two statistical techniques were used to assess buffers within the farm food chain in late preindustrial Iceland. Both methods arrived at similar quantitative assessments. The chain's tangible links were grass, livestock, and the human population, but it began with temperature, the primary determinant of grass yield and a proxy for grass yield in this study. The buffers were large in spite of the marginal nature of cattle, sheep, and horse farming in the subarctic climate, and the poverty of much of the population. One method of study involved comparison of livestock reductions and human population decrease in seven crises between 1784 and 1888, with attention to temperature data for crises after 1823, when continuous systematic meteorological observations began. The other method is time-series analysis using temperature observations, livestock counts which began in 1817, and several human demographic variables. The discussion focuses on likely buffers, notably alternative sources of winter fodder for livestock and of food for the human population.  相似文献   

Seismic constraints on magma chambers at Hekla and Torfajökull volcanoes,Iceland     

Heidi?SoosaluEmail author  Páll?Einarsson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2004,66(3):276-286

Hekla and Torfajökull are active volcanoes at a rift–transform junction in south Iceland. Despite their location next to each other they are physically and geologically very different. Hekla is an elongate stratovolcano, built mainly of basaltic andesite. Torfajökull is a prominent rhyolitic centre with a 12-km-diameter caldera and extensive geothermal activity. The scope of this study is to examine the propagation of body waves of local earthquakes across the Hekla–Torfajökull area and look for volumes of anomalous S-wave attenuation, which can be evidence of magma chambers. So far the magma chamber under Hekla has been modelled with various geophysical means, and its depth has been estimated to be 5–9 km. A data set of 118 local earthquakes, providing 663 seismic rays scanning Hekla and Torfajökull, was used in this study. The major part, 650 seismograms, did not show evidence for S-wave attenuation under these volcanoes. Only six seismograms had clear signs of S-wave attenuation and seven seismograms were uncertain cases. The data set samples Hekla well at depths of 8–14 km, and south part of it also at 4–8 km and 14–16 km. Western Torfajökull is sampled well at depths of 4–14 km, eastern and southern Torfajökull at 6–12 km. Conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the existence of magma beyond these depth ranges. Also, magma volumes of smaller dimensions than about 800 m cannot be detected with this method. If a considerable molten volume exists under Hekla, it must be located either above 4 km or below 14 km. The former possibility seems unlikely, because Hekla lacks geothermal activity and persistent seismicity, usually taken as expressions of a shallow magma chamber. An aseismic volume with a diameter of 4 km at the depth of 8 km in the west part of Torfajökull has been inferred in earlier studies and interpreted as evidence for a cooling magma chamber. Our results indicate that this volume cannot be molten to a great extent because S-waves travelling through it are not attenuated. Intense geothermal activity and low-frequency earthquakes are possibly signs of magma in the south part of Torfajökull, but a magma chamber was not detected there in the areas sampled by this study.Editorial responsibility: T. Druitt  相似文献   

Calculating horizontal stress orientations with full or partial knowledge of the tectonic stress tensor   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Björn Lund  John Townend 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,170(3):1328-1335

Earthquakes potentially serve as abundant and cost-effective gauges of tectonic stress provided that reliable means exist of extracting robust stress parameters. Several algorithms have been developed for this task, each of which typically provides information on the orientations of the three principal stresses and a single stress magnitude parameter. A convenient way of displaying tectonic stress results is to map the azimuth of maximum horizontal compressive stress, which is usually approximated using the azimuth of the larger subhorizontal principal stress. This approximation introduces avoidable errors that depend not only on the principal stress axes' plunges but also on the value of the stress magnitude parameter. Here we outline a method of computing the true direction of maximum horizontal compressive stress ( S _H) and show that this computation can be performed using only the four stress parameters obtained in routine focal mechanism stress estimation. Using theoretical examples and new stress inversion results obtained with focal mechanism data from the central Grímsey lineament, northern Iceland, we show that the S _H axis may differ by tens of degrees from its commonly adopted proxy. In order to most appropriately compare tectonic stress estimates with other geophysical parameters, such as seismic fast directions or geodetically measured strain rate tensors, or to investigate spatiotemporal variations in stress, we recommend that full use be made of the routinely estimated stress parameters and that a formal axis of maximum horizontal compression be calculated.  相似文献   

Temporal development of the 1999 intrusive episode in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, derived from InSAR images     

Rikke Pedersen  Freysteinn Sigmundsson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(4):377-393

Eyjafjallajökull volcano, located in southern Iceland, is characterized by its quiet nature. Only about a handful of earthquakes associated with the volcanic system had been detected prior to the 1990s. Earthquake swarms did, however, occur in 1994 and 1999. Here we investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of a magmatic intrusion associated with the 1999 earthquake swarm via analysis of produced surface deformation. A series of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images, spanning various periods of the intrusion, show that in 1999 surface deformation occurred mainly on the southern flanks of the volcano. The deformation amounts to more than 20 cm of range change. Inverse modeling resolves the deformation source to be a sill intrusion at 6.3 km depth. Sill opening was up to 1 m and the total intruded volume amounts to ～0.03 km³. The InSAR data display a migration of the center of deformation through time, enabling us to create time-dependant sill-opening models. Furthermore, we investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of earthquakes and find that the distribution supports the InSAR derived model and additionally provides indications for a possible site of a feeder channel. Magmatic flow-rate estimates indicate an initial intrusion rate of 4–6 m³/s, declining over a few weeks.  相似文献   

Macroseismic effects related to strong ground motion: a study of the South Iceland earthquakes in June 2000   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

R. Sigbjörnsson  S. Ólafsson  J. Th. Snæbjörnsson 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2007,5(4):591-608

The impact of the June 2000 South Iceland earthquakes has been assessed applying data collected in field surveys and strong-motion recordings from the Icelandic Strong-Motion Network. The areas within approximately 20 km of the causative faults suffered considerable damage, including transportation and utility systems as well as buildings, both with regard to structure and inventories. Ground subsidence and dislocations were significant in the near-fault zone. Aftershocks and permanent displacements of building foundations resulted in progressive structural damage. By introducing holistic measures derived from the acceleration data, a fair correlation was achieved between the obtained earthquake intensities and the recorded accelerations. The measures adopted were square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) values of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and the trace of the Arias intensity tensor. It was found that the overall attenuation tended to be more rapid than reflected by common strong-motion models reported in the literature. There is no simple explanation for this behaviour but it is reasonable to suggest that it can be partly attributed to the heterogeneous and fractured crust that is characteristic of Icelandic geology.  相似文献   

Crust–primitive magma interaction beneath neovolcanic rift zone of Iceland recorded in gabbro xenoliths from Midfell, SW Iceland     

Andrey A. Gurenko  Alexander V. Sobolev 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,151(5):495-520

  相似文献   

Microstructural changes accompanying the opal-A to opal-CT transition: new evidence from the siliceous sinters of Geysir, Haukadalur, Iceland   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

BRIAN JONES  ROBIN W. RENAUT† 《Sedimentology》2007,54(4):921-948

Opaline silica (opal-A) has formed in marine, lacustrine and geothermal environments throughout geological time. During diagenesis opal-A normally changes to opal-CT, then opal-C, and finally to quartz. Such changes commonly destroy the original fabrics and any fossils that opal-A contained. The physical changes that accompany the opal-A to opal-CT transition, however, are known poorly. X-ray diffraction analyses, electron microprobe analyses and high-resolution, high-magnification scanning electron microscope imagery of siliceous sinters from the Geysir geothermal area in Iceland show that opal-A is formed of heterometric arrays of randomly packed microspheres (up to 5  μ m diameter) with neighbouring spheres commonly being joined by small connection pads. In contrast, enlarged spheres, lepispheres, inverse opal (two types) and spindle frameworks with hexagonal motifs characterize opal-CT. The textures in opal-CT, which vary on a microscale, reflect the complex interplay between dissolution (e.g. inverse opal) and precipitation (e.g. enlarged spheres, spindle frameworks) that probably was mediated by groundwater in a near-surface environment. The processes deciphered from these young rocks should, however, be applicable to sedimentary opal-A and opal-CT of all ages, irrespective of their origin.  相似文献   

"Little Ice Age" Research: A Perspective from Iceland   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

A.E.J. Ogilvie  T. Jónsson 《Climatic change》2001,48(1):9-52

The development during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries of the sciences of meteorology and climatology and their subdisciplines has made possible an ever-increasing understanding of the climate of the past. In particular, the refinement of palaeoclimatic proxy data has meant that the climate of the past thousand years has begun to be extensively studied. In the context of this research, it has often been suggested that a warm epoch occurred in much of northern Europe, the north Atlantic, and other parts of the world, from around the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, and that this was followed by a decline in temperatures culminating in a "Little Ice Age" from about 1550 to 1850 (see e.g. Lamb, 1965, 1977; Flohn, 1978). The appelations "Medieval Warm Period" and "Little Ice Age" have entered the literature and are frequently used without clear definition. More recently, however, these terms have come under closer scrutiny (see, e.g. Ogilvie, 1991, 1992; Bradley and Jones, 1992; Mikami, 1992; Briffa and Jones, 1993; Bradley and Jones, 1993; Hughes and Diaz, 1994; Jones et al., 1998; Mann et al., 1999; Crowley and Lowery, 2000). As research continues into climatic fluctuations over the last 1000 to 2000 years, a pattern is emerging which suggests a far more complex picture than early research into the history of climate suggested. In this paper, the origins of the term "Little Ice Age" are considered. Because of the emphasis on the North Atlantic in this volume, the prime focus is on research that has been undertaken in this region, with a perspective on the historiography of historical climatology in Iceland as well as on the twentieth-century climate of Iceland. The phrase "Little Ice Age" has become part of the scientific and popular thinking on the climate of the past thousand years. However, as knowledge of the climate of the Holocene continues to grow, the term now seems to cloud rather than clarify thinking on the climate of the past thousand years. It is hoped that the discussion here will encourage future researchers to focus their thinking on exactly and precisely what is meant when the term "Little Ice Age" is used.  相似文献