Macro- and megafauna communities in three deep basins of the South-East Atlantic     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2013

During ‘Meteor’ expedition ‘DIVA 2’ in 2005 the abyssal macro- and megafauna communities were studied in the northern Cape Basin, in the northern Angola Basin and in the eastern and western Guinea Basin. Water depths varied between 5040 and 5670 m.Surface deposit feeding or predatory ophiuroids dominated the megafaunal community in the northern Cape Basin, sponges, sipunculids and fish in the northern Angola Basin, and asteroids, crustaceans and fish in the eastern Guinea Basin, while in the western Guinea Basin sipunculids dominated.In the northern Cape Basin, peracarid crustaceans were the dominant macrofaunal group, followed by polychaetes and bivalves. In the Guinea Basin, polychaetes, peracarid crustaceans and bivalves dominated, although omnivorous or predatory free-living nematodes of macrofaunal size (>0.5 mm) made up 40–60% of the total abundance, with maxima in the western basin.The chlorophyll a content of sediments was lower in the northern Cape and Angola Basins than in the Guinea Basin, which was consistent with the differences in water masses, primary production and flux rate of organic matter in the three basins of the South-East Atlantic. The differences in structure and function of the macro- and megafauna communities in the three basins correlated with the differences in the amount of food reaching the seafloor in tropical and subtropical settings.  相似文献   

Comparative dietary analysis of a recently described fish species complex (Galaxiidae) in a New Zealand river   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Richard M. Allibone  Colin R. Townsend 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):351-361

The diets of several populations of four recently described species of galaxiid with allopatric distributions were examined in the Taieri River, New Zealand. Comparisons of available prey items and prey consumed were carried out to examine whether the distributions of the galaxiid species might be influenced by food availability and preferences. Seventy‐three prey categories were identified. The availability of four of these (Deleatidium, Oligochaeta, Elmidae larvae and adults) differed among the streams occupied by different galaxiid species. Three differences in the frequency of prey consumption (Deleatidium, Oxyethira, and Elmidae larvae) were detected. Despite differences in diet it was concluded that all four fish species were generalist predators of invertebrates with similar diets that were influenced mainly by prey availability. Furthermore prey availability was not considered responsible for the allopatric distribution of the four species, rather, spawning habitat availability, physical nature of the streams, and prior geological history of the Taieri catchment are considered the controlling influences on galaxiid distribution.  相似文献   

DORIS-DIODE: Jason-1 has a Navigator on Board     

CHRISTIAN JAYLES  PATRICK VINCENT  FABIEN ROZO  FABIEN BALANDREAUD 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(3-4):753-771

DIODE (Doris Immediate On-board orbit DEtermination) is a series of real-time orbit determination software, which process one-way up-link Doppler measurements performed by a DORIS receiver on a satellite. The DIODE software are embedded within the DORIS receivers, and they provide orbit and time determination to the user as well as technical parameters to adjust the tracking loop within the instrument. After a first successful flight on-board SPOT4, the second generation of the family operates on-board Jason-1, with more efficient and more accurate algorithms. Similar versions have been embarked onboard SPOT5 and ENVISAT. The accuracy is between 10 and 30 centimeters RMS for the radial component, and about 50 centimeters RMS in 3D. With several Failure Detection and Incident Recovery (FDIR) enhancements implemented in the software, DIODE/Jason-1 has experienced only one anomaly in July 2004; its availability is 99.7%, after two years and a half in-orbit. This article describes the DORIS/DIODE element of the Jason-1 system. It summarizes the main results obtained from the various verification activities that concerned all parts of this navigation and time-tagging Jason-1 subsystem.  相似文献   

A condition index for African penguin Spheniscus demersus chicks     

《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(2):143-154

The body condition of altricial seabird chicks is directly related to the amount of food received from their parents, which depends on feeding conditions at sea. An index of body condition is therefore a useful tool for assessing variation in food availability between different breeding colonies. Quantile regression techniques were used to develop a body condition index for African penguin Spheniscus demersus chicks, based on maximum and minimum growth relative to structural size. This is considered the most appropriate index for comparing the body condition of groups of chicks, varying in size and of unknown age, between breeding colonies. Based on this study, recommendations are made with regard to morphometric measurements, sample size and the sampling interval required to compare effectively the condition of African penguin chicks between breeding colonies throughout their distributional range.  相似文献   

A parsimonious crop-water productivity index: an application to Brazil     

Marco P Maneta  Purnendu N Singh  Marcelo Torres  Wesley W Wallender  Stephen A Vosti  Lineu N Rodrigues  Luis H Bassoi  Julie A Young 《Area》2009,41(1):94-106

Reducing poverty in rural areas of developing countries requires sustained and sustainable increases in agricultural water productivity. However, aside from traditional measures of precipitation, little is known about water available to farmers or how productively they use it. We present a crop-water productivity index (a ratio of the value of annual crop production to a dimensionless potential water availability index) for large water basins using readily available low-resolution data. The index is transferable, permits direct inter-basin comparisons, and is simple to calculate. We calculate the index for each municipality in the São Francisco river basin in Brazil. No clear patterns linking water availability and value of agricultural output are evident, even though clusters of municípios with high- and low-crop-water productivity emerge, and the former may be useful in guiding policies aimed at increasing water productivity. Finally, analyses of the effects of information uncertainty on the crop-water productivity index suggest that the returns to agricultural investments in certain places in the São Francisco river basin are more risky than others. Improvements in data quality and quantity can help refine estimates of the index and reduce their uncertainty.  相似文献   

Topographic thresholds for plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes     

E. Bochet  P. García‐Fayos  J. Poesen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(13):1758-1771

Soil erosion plays an important role in plant colonization of semi‐arid degraded areas. In this study, we aimed at deepening our knowledge of the mechanisms that control plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes in east Spain by (i) determining topographic thresholds for plant colonization, (ii) identifying the soil properties limiting plant establishment and (iii) assessing whether colonizing species have specific plant traits to cope with these limitations. Slope angle and aspect were surrogates of erosion rate and water availability, respectively. Since soil erosion and water availability can limit plant establishment and both can interact in the landscape, we analysed variations in colonization success (vegetation cover and species number) with slope angle on 156 slopes, as a function of slope aspect. After determining slope angle thresholds for plant colonization, soil was sampled near the threshold values for soil analysis [nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), water holding capacity]. Plant traits expressing the plant colonizing capacity were analysed both in the pool of species colonizing the steep slopes just below the threshold and in the pool of species inhabiting gentler slopes and absent from the slopes just below the threshold. Results show that the slope angle threshold for plant colonization decreased from north to south. For the vegetation cover, threshold values were 63°, 50°, 46°, 41° for the north, east, west and south slope aspect classes, respectively, and 65°, 53°, 49° and 45° for the species richness and the same aspect classes. No differences existed in soil properties at slope angle threshold values among slope aspects and between slope positions (just below and above the threshold) within slope aspect classes. This suggests that variations between slope aspect classes in the slope angle threshold result from differences in the colonizing capacity of plants which is controlled by water availability. Long‐distance dispersal and mucilage production were preferably associated with the pool of colonizing species. These results are discussed in the perspective of a more efficient ecological restoration of degraded semi‐arid ecosystems where soil erosion acts as an ecological filter for plant establishment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Bedload hysteresis in a glacier‐fed mountain river          下载免费PDF全文

Luca Mao  Andrea Dell'Agnese  Carolina Huincache  Michal Engel  Georg Niedrist  Francesco Comiti 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(7):964-976

Sediment transport during flood events often reveals hysteretic patterns because flow discharge can peak before (counterclockwise hysteresis) or after (clockwise hysteresis) the peak of bedload. Hysteresis in sediment transport has been used in the literature to infer the degree of sediment availability. Counterclockwise and clockwise hysteresis have been in fact interpreted as limited and unlimited sediment supply conditions, respectively. Hysteresis has been mainly explored for the case of suspended sediment transport, but it was rarely reported for bedload transport in mountain streams. This work focuses on the temporal variability of bedload transport in an alpine catchment (Saldur basin, 18.6 km², Italian Alps) where bedload transport was monitored by means of an acoustic pipe sensor which detects the acoustic vibrations induced by particles hitting a 0.5m‐long steel pipe. Runoff dynamics are dominated by snowmelt in late spring/early summer, mostly by glacier melt in late summer/early autumn, and by a combination of the snow and glacier melt in mid‐summer. The results indicate that hysteretic patterns during daily discharge fluctuations are predominantly clockwise during the snowmelt period, likely due to the ready availability of unpacked sediments within the channel or through bank erosion in the lower part of the basin. On the contrary, counterclockwise hysteresis tend to be more frequent during late glacier melting period, possibly due to the time lag needed for sediment provided by the glacial and peri‐glacial area to be transported to the monitoring section. However, intense rainfall events occurring during the glacier melt period generated predominantly clockwise hysteresis, thus indicating the activation of different sediment sources. These results indicate that runoff generation processes play a crucial role on sediment supply and temporal availability in mountain streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

致密砂岩气储层有效性识别和定量评价 ——以鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界山西组一段为例   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

秦波  曹斌风  周进松  张立宽  雷裕红  张振宇 《沉积学报》2019,37(2):403-415

储层有效性识别和定量评价是制约致密砂岩油气勘探的关键难题。以鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界山西组一段为研究对象,从储层非均质性研究入手,开展砂岩微观—岩芯—测井尺度的细致观测,将含气储层砂岩划分为三种主要的岩石相,其中贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩构成了物性和含气性相对较好的有效储集岩石。运用薄片和岩芯数据标定不同岩石相的常规测井响应,建立了基于主成分统计分析的有效储集岩石测井识别模型,认识了有效储层的空间分布规律。将储层有效性研究从微观尺度的岩石相描述拓展到宏观尺度的量化表征,实现了致密砂岩气有效储集空间分布的定量评价。  相似文献   

Feeding of European cisco (Coregonus albula and C. lucinensis) on the glacial relict crustacean Mysis relicta in Lake Breiter Luzin (Germany)     

Julia Scharf  Martin Krappe  Rainer Koschel  Arno Waterstraat 《Limnologica》2008,38(2):147-158

Lake Breiter Luzin, located in north-eastern Germany, is known for the rare occurrence of sympatric populations of European cisco, Coregonus albula and C. lucinensis. Moreover, the lake is inhabited by the glacial relict crustacean Mysis relicta, currently found in only three other lakes in Germany. In the present study, the role of M. relicta in the diet of ciscoes was investigated. Between 2001 and 2002 ciscoes, mysids and zooplankton were caught in Lake Breiter Luzin and stomach contents of ciscoes were analysed. There were seasonal changes in the food items in the stomachs, largely reflecting changes in prey availability. The main food items were copepods (45–81%) and mysids (5–26%). Cladocerans had high amounts in the diet only in summer. Seasonal changes in selectivity were also noted for most prey groups. There were also some consistent patterns of prey preference, with an overall preference for mysids. In general, the prey composition in cisco stomachs did not show significant diet changes, but there were some significant differences between day and night feeding in single prey groups, such as cladocerans. Diet composition of ciscoes varied with the different depth strata in which the fish were caught. With increasing depth, the proportion of mysids in the diet significantly increased, whereas that of copepods significantly decreased. Between C. albula and C. lucinensis, no distinct differences in feeding were evident. Mysids provided an additional and important food resource to ciscoes, and were mainly consumed when the availability of other prey organisms decreased, as in autumn and in the deeper strata of the water column. However, mysids preyed on the same food organisms as ciscoes, indicating a strong competition for food between fish and mysids.  相似文献   

Impact of acid effluent from Kawah Ijen crater lake on irrigated agricultural soils: Soil chemical processes and plant uptake     

A.M.D. van Rotterdam-Los  A. Heikens  S.P. Vriend  M.J. van Bergen  P.F.M. van Gaans 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Volcanogenic contamination of irrigation water, caused by effluent from the hyperacid Ijen crater lake, has severely affected the properties of agricultural soils in East Java, Indonesia. From a comparison of acidified topsoil with subsoil and with top- and subsoil in a reference area, we identified processes responsible for changes in soil and soil solution chemistry induced by acid irrigation water, with emphasis on the nutrients Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn, and on Al, which may become phytotoxic under acid conditions in soils. Compositional data for bulk soil composition and selective extractions with 1 M KCl and 0.2 M acid ammonium oxalate are used in a mass balance approach to specify element fluxes, including uptake by rice plants. The results show that input via irrigation water has produced an increase in the total aluminum content in the affected topsoil, which is of the same order of magnitude as the increase in labile Al. High bioavailability of Al, as reflected by concentrations in KCl extracts, is consistent with elevated concentrations observed in rice plants. In contrast, and despite the high input via irrigation water, Ca and Mg concentrations have decreased in all measured soil fractions through dissolution of amorphous phases and minerals, and through competition of Al for adsorption sites on the exchange complex and plant roots. Strong leaching is also evident for Fe and especially Mn. In terms of the overall mass balance of the topsoil, plant uptake of Al, Ca, Fe, Mg and Mn is negligible. If the use of acid irrigation would be stopped and the soil pH were to increase to values above 4.5, the observed phytotoxicity of Al will be halted. However, crops may then become fully dependent on the input from irrigation water or fertilizer for essential elements, due to the previous removal from the topsoil through leaching.  相似文献