长试管静置沉降实验结果对湖盆细粒沉积纹层成因的启示^*          下载免费PDF全文

李胜利  李顺利  付超 《古地理学报》1999,24(3):405-414

沉积结构与沉积构造的研究是目前细粒沉积学中的重要内容。同时,富有机质泥/页岩的纹层成因也一直是困扰人们的难题。影响湖盆细粒沉积物纹层形成的因素很多,其中盐度、有机质含量是非常重要的因素,尤其是油页岩在淡水与咸水环境均可发育,其纹层的形成与水体盐度有何关系需要深入探讨。通过长试管静置实验,模拟并观察在静水条件下,黏土矿物、富有机质泥质沉积物在淡水、微咸水及咸水3种湖盆水体环境中的沉降过程与沉降速率,通过实验观察绘制沉降过程曲线并计算沉降速率。研究表明: 在淡水中富有机质泥的沉降速率明显高于黏土矿物的沉降速率;而在微咸水与咸水中,黏土矿物的沉降速率明显比富有机质泥要高;同时,2种类型的细粒沉积物在3类水体环境中各自的沉降速率也存在不同的规律。通过分析实验结果,指出在不同水介质条件下,絮凝作用类型的差异与浮力作用的影响是造成细粒沉积速率差异的主要原因。而有机质、黏土矿物及水体盐度共同控制细粒沉积物的沉降速率,一旦这些条件发生变化,那么就容易形成类似或不同的纹层,尤其是有机质丰度与盐度变化时,更容易形成不同成分的纹层。因此,油页岩的形成除需要相对安静水体环境外,还与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、絮凝过程及水体盐度变化的综合响应有关,而并非单独与水体盐度相关。另外,受沉积作用影响,湖盆不同区域的细粒沉积构造类型有差异。  相似文献   

Optimization of the Coagulation–Flocculation Process for Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology     

znur Begüm Gkek  Safiye zdemir 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2020,48(7-8)

Slaughterhouse wastewater is one of the main sources of environmental pollutants, containing a high amount of organic matter (chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)), total nitrogen (TN), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), grease, and oil. The main aim of the present research is optimizing the coagulation–flocculation process and examining the effects of experimental factors with each other, for example, pH, the concentration of two different coagulants (FeCl₃ and alum), rapid mixing rate, and settling time. Therefore, it is aimed to treat slaughterhouse wastewater using the coagulation–flocculation process with the optimization of the response surface methodology (RSM). COD, turbidity, and suspended solids (SS) of the treated wastewater are chosen as the response variables. Furthermore, the optimal conditions for three responses are acquired by employing the desirability function approach. When the experimental results of two coagulants are compared, it is observed that the alum coagulant gave better results for the three responses. The alum coagulant utilized in the present research is able to increase COD, SS, and turbidity removal efficiency by 75.25%, 90.16%, and 91.18%, respectively. It is possible to optimize coagulation–flocculation by utilizing the RSM analysis, which proves that coagulation can pre‐treat slaughterhouse wastewater.  相似文献   

Swell-compressibility characteristics of lime-blended and cement-blended expansive clays – A comparative study     

B.R. Phanikumar  Rishi Sreedharan  C. Aniruddh 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2015,10(2):153-162

Chemical stabilisation of expansive soils has been quite efficacious in reducing swelling characteristics, namely, swell potential (S%) and swelling pressure (p_s). When chemicals such as lime and cement are added to an expansive clay, flocculation and cementation take place. Flocculation, which is an immediate reaction, is instrumental in reducing plasticity and swell potential significantly. It also reduces the time required for equilibrium heave. This paper presents experimental data on lime-blended and cement-blended expansive clay specimens. Free swell index (FSI), heave, rate of heave and swelling pressure were studied. FSI, heave and rate of heave decreased with increasing lime content and cement content in the blends. But, during a 3-day inundation (a period, generally allowed for the sample to attain to equilibrium heave), cementitious products developed and resisted the applied compressive loads stiffly, resulting in high swelling pressures in the case of lime-blended specimens. Swelling pressure could not be determined in the case of cement-blended specimens. Hence, short inundation tests (inundating the specimens only for 15 minutes) were performed. But, even from these tests, swelling pressure could not be determined for cement-blended specimens. This indicated the development of strong cementitious products in them. It was interesting to find that, in both long and short duration, the lime- and cement-blended specimens attained to equilibrium heave in the same time period. FSI decreased from 185% to 63.63% when lime content was increased from 0% to 4%, and from 185% to 110% when cement content was increased from 0% to 20%. Swell potential reduced by 42.5% at 4% lime and by 46.4% at 20% cement. Swelling pressure increased from 210 kPa to 320 kPa when lime content was increased from 0% to 4%. Linear shrinkage of the specimens also decreased with increasing additive content.  相似文献   

细粒沉积物(岩)中重矿物提取方法的改进     

刘善品  何况  吴小斌  李吉均  宋春晖 《地质科技情报》2012,31(1):131-136

随着近百年的重矿物研究,从沉积物中提取重矿物的实验方法已经形成了固定模式,然而这些传统方法都是对砂岩粗颗粒矿物研究经验的积累,并不适用于泥质含量高的细粒沉积物.根据溶胶稳定(DLVO)理论,悬浮于溶液中的微细颗粒会因分子间作用力的相互吸引絮凝成团,从而影响细粒沉积物中重矿物提取的效果.实验研究证明,影响重矿物提取的主要因素是微细矿物颗粒间的絮凝作用,而并非有机重液的黏度.如何克服微粒间的絮凝作用是提取泥岩和粉砂岩中重矿物的关键.实验对比分析表明,添加分散剂的超声波振动和自然沉降法可以在克服絮凝作用的前提下有效去除泥质成分,同时对粉砂级矿物进行精确的粒径分选;离心分离同样也可以克服微粒间的絮凝作用,在重液分离过程中使重矿物顺利从轻矿物中分离.以上3种方法的联合使用可以弥补传统的重矿物提取方法的不足,并显著提高泥岩、粉砂岩中重矿物的提取率.  相似文献   

细粒沉积物理模拟研究进展与展望   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

周川闽  张志杰  邱振  成大伟  袁选俊  刘银河  黄秀 《沉积学报》2021,39(1):253-267

沉积物理模拟是指在限定条件下对不同沉积环境中的沉积过程进行模拟的实验,其对研究水利工程、环境科学、环境工程、海洋学、沉积学及油气勘探等具有重要意义,但其发展远不能满足生产需求,特别是近年来快速崛起的非常规油气勘探的需求。前人基于无黏性均匀沙的研究,已经建立一系列的泥沙运动理论及方程,在泥沙特性、沉积底形、地貌景观、重力流研究等方面取得了丰硕的成果,但在黏性泥沙（细粒沉积物）方面的研究进展有限。从颗粒特性、侵蚀和沉积作用机制及底形特征、输运机制与沉积模式,以及有机质富集和保存机制等四个方面对细粒沉积物理模拟进行综述,在此基础上结合现代青海湖研究提出一种新的富有机质细粒沉积富集假说,进一步丰富了非常规油气沉积学的含义。细粒沉积物理模拟是泥页岩沉积古环境恢复和岩相分布预测的有效手段,对于非常规油气“甜点”的成因分析和优选有重要意义,多学科交叉和定量化分析是其发展趋势,多类型与多尺度实验是传统模拟实验的必要补充。  相似文献   

Water and fine sediment dynamics in transient river plumes in a small, reef-fringed bay, Guam     

Eric Wolanski  Robert H. Richmond  Gerald Davis  Victor Bonito 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2003,56(5-6):1029-1040

Fouha Bay is a 400-m-long funnel-shaped, 10-m-deep, coral-fringed embayment on the southwest coast of Guam. It drains a small catchment area (5 km²) of steeply sloping, highly erodible lateritic soils. River floods are short-lived and the sediment load is very large, with suspended sediment concentration (SSC) exceeding 1000 mg l⁻¹. The resulting river plume is about 1 m thick and is pulsing in a series of 1–2 h-long events, with outflow velocity peaking at 0.05 m s⁻¹. Turbulent entrainment results in an oceanic inflow at depth into the bay. As soon as river flow stops, the plume floats passively and takes 5 days to be flushed out of Fouha Bay. The suspended fine sediment flocculates in 5 min and aggregates on ambient transparent exopolymer particles to form muddy marine snow flocs. In calm weather, about 75% of the riverine mud settles out of the river plume into the underlying oceanic water where it forms a transient nepheloid layer. This mud ultimately settles and is trapped in Fouha Bay. Under typhoon-driven, swell waves, the surface plume is at least 7 m thick and bottom entrainment of mud results in SSC exceeding 1000 mg l⁻¹ for several days. It is suggested that successful management of fringing coral reefs adjacent to volcanic islands may not be possible without proper land use management in the surrounding catchment.  相似文献   

Entropy analysis of in situ particle size spectra     

Ole A. Mikkelsen  Kristian J. Curran  Paul S. Hill  Timothy G. Milligan 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,72(4):615-625

Entropy analysis has been used to classify in situ particle (floc) size spectra of suspended particles into groups based on similar distribution characteristics. Results revealed that the in situ spectra sorted into groups that reflected different forcing conditions (e.g. variations in turbulence). The different forcing conditions were not necessarily reflected in other commonly used distribution measures such as median floc diameter. This suggests that entropy analysis may be an effective approach for investigating the effect of changes in forcing conditions on floc size. It is hypothesized that it may be possible to derive the average shape of floc size spectra from measurement of the forcing conditions alone and subsequently derive parameters such as floc fraction, floc density, floc settling velocity and the optical properties of the water column from the average spectra.  相似文献   

Fenton氧化-混凝法处理含活性染料废水的研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

杜桂荣  孙占学  黄克玲  王灶生 《华东地质学院学报》2002,25(4):305-307

运用Fenton试剂对含活性污染废水进行混凝前的预处理。通过预处理前后废水吸光度曲线的变化，探讨其作用机理。试验表明，直接混凝法处理含活性染料废水时，脱色率仅为10％－30％，吸光度曲线几乎不变。当Fenton试剂对其预处理后，吸光度曲线中的吸收峰消失，继续混凝处理，脱色率可达96.77％。  相似文献   

细颗粒泥沙动水絮凝的机理分析   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  

阮文杰 《海洋科学》1991,15(5):46-49

本文首先阐述由环形水槽试验所得出的细颗粒泥沙动水絮凝的若干规律。然后进行絮凝体形成和破碎的机理分析。从而得出产生动水絮凝的充分、必要条件:一是泥沙和电介质的物理、化学性质;二是絮凝体的抗剪能力大于所受到的剪切力,由此引出动水絮凝临界流速的概念。  相似文献   

An analysis of the factors contributing to the settling potential of fine fluvial sediment     

N. D. Williams  D. E. Walling  G. J. L. Leeks 《水文研究》2008,22(20):4153-4162

The settling potential of fine sediment is known to be influenced by particle size, shape, density and porosity, and is commonly predicted using Stokes's law, despite its known limitations for modelling the behaviour of natural particles. In order to develop an improved understanding of the potential for fine sediment to settle out of suspension or undergo transport by hydraulic processes, it is important to examine the role of particle structure in detail. In this study, stepwise regression was used to identify which structural properties of particles exert an important control on fine sediment behaviour in river systems. The presence of composite particles and their associated particle size, porosity and fractal dimension were shown to be the most important controls on settling potential. Composite particles that form in the aquatic environment (flocs) were shown to have significantly different form and behaviour from composite particles of terrestrial origin (aggregates). Importantly, it was demonstrated that particle structure and behaviour exhibited consistencies between contrasting river catchments in different locations. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of composite particles is viewed as providing a valuable input to efforts to model the mobilisation, transport and fate of fine sediment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献