Volcanology of the 2350 B.P. Eruption of Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada: implications for Hazards from Eruptions in Topographically Complex Terrain     

C. J. Hickson  J. K. Russell  M. V. Stasiuk 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1999,60(7):489-507

 The Pebble Creek Formation (previously known as the Bridge River Assemblage) comprises the eruptive products of a 2350 calendar year B.P. eruption of the Mount Meager volcanic complex and two rock avalanche deposits. Volcanic rocks of the Pebble Creek Formation are the youngest known volcanic rocks of this complex. They are dacitic in composition and contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, amphibole, biotite and minor oxides in a glassy groundmass. The eruption was episodic, and the formation comprises fallout pumice (Bridge River tephra), pyroclastic flows, lahars and a lava flow. It also includes a unique form of welded block and ash breccia derived from collapsing fronts of the lava flow. This Merapi-type breccia dammed the Lillooet River. Collapse of the dam triggered a flood that flowed down the Lillooet Valley. The flood had an estimated total volume of 10⁹ m³ and inundated the Lillooet Valley to a depth of at least 30 m above the paleo-valley floor 5.5 km downstream of the blockage. Rock avalanches comprising mainly blocks of Plinth Assemblage volcanic rocks (an older formation making up part of the Mount Meager volcanic complex) underlie and overlie the primary volcanic units of the Formation. Both rock avalanches are unrelated to the 2350 B.P. eruption, although the post-eruption avalanche may have its origins in the over-steepened slopes created by the explosive phase of the eruption. Much of the stratigraphic complexity evident in the Pebble Creek Formation results from deposition in a narrow, steep-sided mountain valley containing a major river. Received: 20 January 1998 / Accepted: 29 September 1998  相似文献   

Puncoviscana folded belt in northwestern Argentina: testimony of Late Proterozoic Rodinia fragmentation and pre-Gondwana collisional episodes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. H. Omarini  R. J. Sureda  H.-J. Götze  A. Seilacher  F. Pflüger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1999,88(1):76-97

 Stratigraphic correlations and tectonic analysis suggest that the Puncoviscana fold belt of northwestern Argentina was an intracontinental basin with bimodal igneous suites that formed in connection with the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent (at ∼800 Ma). Several lines of evidences point to an initial lithosphere rupture, possibly induced by a rising mantle plume. The earliest synrift igneous products are represented by ultra-potassic dykes and alkaline lava flows of high LREE/HREE and low Zr/Nb–Y/Nb ratios. The dyke emplacements and the initiation of rifting were probably synchronous. They pass laterally and upwards (middle part of the Puncoviscana succession) into basalts of alkaline transitional character (OIB-like source). The distinctive chemical feature of these lavas are very similar to the source of oceanic island basalts; thus, they are thought to represent a magmatism associated with the rift and rift-drift transition stage. During this stage of rifting probably true oceanic crust was formed. The upper part of the Puncoviscana sequence, Late Precambrian/Lower Cambrian in age, comprises a thick and monotonous sequence of pillow lavas, massive basaltic flows and minor volcanic breccias and hyaloclastites. These lavas exhibit MORB trace element characteristics with high FeO_t and TiO₂, low K₂O and P₂O₅, flat light REE spectra, little or no depletion in Nb and Ta. This volcanism consists of the major and latest effusive episode from the Puncoviscana basin which was slightly modified by subduction processes. The geodynamical model proposed for the generation of these volcanic rocks could have been developed in two stages. In the first stage the volcanic event is compatible with a progressive opening of a continental rift leading to formation of a mature oceanic basin. In contrast, the second stage shows the effects of a completed Wilson cycle including a primitive volcanic arc which continued until the accreted Cuyania-Arequipa-Belen-Antofalla (CABA) terrane against the proto-Gondwana western borderland of the Amazonian shield (∼535 Ma). Received: 23 December 1997 / Accepted: 9 December 1998  相似文献   

Geochemical discrimination of metabasalt rocks of the Fan–Karategin transitional blueschist/greenschist belt, South Tianshan, Tajikistan: seamount volcanism and accretionary tectonics     

N. I. Volkova  V. I. Budanov 《Lithos》1999,47(3-4):201-216

The Fan–Karategin metamorphic belt, South Tianshan, Tajikistan, is regarded to be an ancient subduction–accretionary complex and is composed of three tectonostratigraphic units which display lithologies consistent with different tectonic settings. The mafic schists, which make up the major part of the older unit of the belt, contain both alkali and tholeiitic metabasalts. On the basis of rare-earth and other immobile element characteristics, the alkali metabasalts are akin to within-plate ocean island basalts, whereas the tholeiitic metabasalts resemble E-type MORB. The association is interpreted to have been formed on seamount-like structures under a within-plate plume. Bedded cherts and marbles in the unit are regarded as ancient pelagic sediments and carbonate caps developed upon basaltic seamounts, respectively. Dismemberment of the seamount-related basalts and pelagic sediments and the high-P/low-T prograde metamorphism of the unit rocks up to transitional blueschist/greenschist facies was the result of paleoseamount submergence into a subduction zone. This unit is tectonically overlain by arc-derived metavolcanic unit and a disrupted, mainly clastic unit of Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian age. Metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the two upper units have geochemical characteristics compatible with subduction-related origin. The lithological assemblages of the individual units and their juxtaposition suggest an origin involving collision–accretionary processes. The Fan–Karategin belt is a subduction–accretionary complex which formed during subduction of oceanic crust under a volcanic arc and was subjected to tectonic juxtaposition and imbrication of seamount, deep-sea, trench and volcanic arc sequences.  相似文献   

Petrogenesis of picrites from the Caribbean Plateau and the North Atlantic magmatic province   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

S. Rvillon  N. T. Arndt  E. Hallot  A. C. Kerr  J. Tarney 《Lithos》1999,49(1-4):1-21

We studied the petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of picrites from three different regions: the island of Curaçao which forms part of a Cretaceous oceanic plateau; Iceland, an active hot spot on the mid-Atlantic ridge; and the early Tertiary volcanic margin off the coast of Greenland, which formed during the rifting that created the Atlantic ocean. Using the compositions of olivine phenocrysts and relations between MgO and FeO, Al₂O₃ and Ni, we estimated compositions of parental liquids and the proportion of accumulated olivine in each rock. Picrites from Curaçao formed mainly from a liquid with 12 wt.% MgO and they contain up to 55 wt.% excess olivine in the form of phenocrysts. A small proportion of more forsterite-rich olivine grains are xenocrysts from a more magnesian source. Picrites from Iceland formed from a slightly less magnesian liquid but one with also about 12 wt.% MgO and they contain both olivine and plagioclase in the accumulated assemblage. Picrites from the Greenland volcanic margin formed from a liquid that was distinctly more magnesian, with up to 20 wt.% MgO. In some of these rocks the proportion of accumulated olivine was minimal and in these the whole-rock composition is roughly equivalent to the liquid composition. The picrites from the three areas formed under different conditions and through contrasting melting processes. The Curaçao picrites derive from pooled liquids formed through moderate degrees of melting at moderate depths beneath a relatively old and thick oceanic lithosphere. Iceland picrites, on the other hand, formed through advanced fractional melting of mantle that ascended almost to the base of the crust at the mid-ocean spreading center. An unusual combination of relatively high concentrations of incompatible trace elements and high MgO indicates that the Greenland picrites formed by relatively low degrees of melting at greater depths in the mantle.  相似文献   

Evidence for fractionation of Quaternary basalts on St. Paul Island, Alaska, with implications for the development of shallow magma chambers beneath Bering Sea volcanoes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T. C. Feeley  G. S. Winer 《Lithos》1999,46(4):2249-676

St. Paul Island is the youngest volcanic center in the Bearing Sea basalt province. We have undertaken a field, petrographic, and geochemical study of select St. Paul volcanic rocks in order to better understand their differentiation; specifically, to test the hypothesis that magmas erupted from individual Bering Sea basaltic volcanoes are not related by shallow-level processes such as crystal fractionation. Petrographically, all of the St. Paul volcanic rocks are olivine-, plagioclase-, and clinopyroxene-phyric. Textural features and modal contents of olivine phenocrysts, however, vary widely throughout the spectrum of basalt compositions. Although differing in size and abundance, olivine phenocrysts in all rock compositions are euhedral and commonly skeletal, suggesting rapid growth during ascent or eruptive quenching. None, however, display reaction textures with surrounding groundmass liquid. Compositionally, the St. Paul volcanic rocks are basalts and tephritic basalts and all have high contents of normative nepheline (8% to 16%). Concentrations of many major and incompatible trace elements display no clear correlations with bulk-rock SiO₂ and MgO contents or modal abundances of phenocrysts, suggesting that much of the compositional diversity of these magmas reflects variable mantle sources and degrees of partial melting. Similarly, chondrite-normalized REE patterns show variable degrees of light REE enrichment (La_n=70–90) that do not correlate with bulk-rock mg-numbers. In contrast, concentrations of compatible trace elements (Ni, Cr, and Co) are positively correlated with MgO contents and modal percentages of olivine phenocrysts. Maximum forsterite contents of olivine phenocryst cores in most St. Paul rocks decrease with decreasing bulk-rock mg-number and are similar to the calculated equilibrium range. This is evidence that the high mg-numbers are magmatic and do not result from olivine accumulation. Instead, major and compatible trace element mass balance calculations support derivation of the low mg-number lavas from the high mg-number lavas mainly by olivine fractionation, which, in turn, implies that St. Paul magmas may have temporarily resided in crustal magma chambers prior to eruption.  相似文献   

沉积物物源组成的定量判识方法及其在冲绳海槽的应用   总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12  

杜德文  孟宪伟  王永吉  吴金龙 《海洋与湖沼》1999,30(5):532-539

用多元成分数据统计分析中的端元估计算法,处理混合源沉积物地球化学数据定量判识沉积物物源端元的化学成分和比例。将该方法应用于已知端元的人工数据,端元的化学成分和含量的估计值与已知值非常接近。实验结果说明,这种成分数据分析算法是定量判识沉积物物源端元的有效方法。  相似文献   

Environmental geochemistry of the Pichavaram mangrove ecosystem (tropical), southeast coast of India   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

A. L. Ramanathan  V. Subramanian  R. Ramesh  S. Chidambaram  A. James 《Environmental Geology》1999,37(3):223-233

 Spatial and temporal geochemical variations of various parameters in the water and sediment of a relatively small mangrove situated on the southeast coast of India were examined in detail for the first time. The water quality generally reflects the impact of seawater and the Vellar estuary (mixing effect) aided by evaporation and in situ biological productivity. The depletion and fluctuation of dissolved silica are controlled by biological processes. Nitrate and phosphate are contributed by fertilizer input from adjoining agriculture fields. Total suspended matter (TSM) shows an erratic range and trend due to deforestation and resuspension processes. Sand and silt constitute 70–90% of the sediments. Statistical analysis of the sediments shows the prevalence of a moderately high-energy environment with very effective winnowing activity. Organic matter content is higher in the mangrove sediments in comparison to adjacent estuaries. Water and sediment show fluctuations in their chemical concentration, but no specific trends could be identified. Heavy metals are also enriched in the mangrove sediments, indicating their unique chemical behavior and the existence of trapping mechanisms. Factor analysis and correlation analysis of water and sediments show the complexity of the system and the multitude of contributing sources. The core sediment chemistry suggests the depletion of metal input due to the damming of the detrital inputs. The Pichavaram mangrove seems to be relatively unpolluted, since the anthropogenic signal observed is small and acts as a sink for heavy metals contributed from a multitude of sources without an adverse effect. Received: 5 November 1997 · Accepted: 30 March 1998  相似文献   

庐山星子群变质基性火山岩的地球化学特征及大地构造意义   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

张海洋  孙大中 《岩石学报》1999,15(3):372-378

通过对庐山星子群变质基性火山岩岩石学, 地球化学及其形成的大地构造环境的综合研究发现, 星子群变质基性火山岩具有岛弧拉斑玄武岩和洋中脊玄武岩的双重特征, 是扩张弧后 （或弧间） 盆地环境的产物。对比研究表明, 星子群既不是来源于华夏古陆的 “飞来峰”, 也不同于扬子古陆东南缘的四堡群, 冷家溪群, 它是一块独立的前寒武纪基底。  相似文献   

南天山花岗岩类的年代学,岩石学,地球化学及其构造环境   总被引：59，自引：23，他引：36  

姜常义  穆艳梅 《岩石学报》1999,15(2):298-308

在南天山褶皱带,分布有大量的花岗岩类岩石。按照由老到新的侵位顺序,岩石类型依次为：闪长岩、似斑状花岗岩、二云母花岗岩和碱长花岗岩。精确的锆石Ｕ－Ｐｂ法研究证明,它们形成于石炭纪末期至早二叠世末期。闪长岩、似斑状花岗岩的岩相学和岩石化学具有Ｉ型花岗岩的特征,而二云母花岗岩充分表现了Ｓ型花岗岩的岩相学和岩石化学特征。与洋中脊花岗岩相比,它们不同程度地富集Ｋ２Ｏ、Ｒｂ、Ｔｈ而贫于Ｔａ、Ｎｂ、Ｚｒ,显示了碰撞造山阶段花岗岩的地球化学特征。碱长花岗岩主要由钾长石、钠长石、石英和富羟铁云母组分的黑云母组成。它们普遍具有高的ＳｉＯ２、Ｎａ２Ｏ＋Ｋ２Ｏ、Ｎｂ、Ｙ、ＲＥＥ（Ｅｕ除外）丰度和Ｆｅ／Ｍｇ比值,以及低的ＣａＯ、ＴｉＯ２、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｅｕ丰度。从而,系统地显示了Ａ２型花岗岩的普遍特征。证明它们形成于后造山垮塌阶段。各种岩石的εＳｒ（ｔ）界于＋３７．７５和＋２１００．７之间,而εＮｄ（ｔ）界于－４．４２和－６．５１之间,证明它们全部源自于陆壳物质的深熔作用。北天山古洋盆于晚石炭世的闭合导致了南天山碰撞造山作用。而在早二叠世末期,更大范围的大陆伸展作用与南天山的后造山垮塌作用同步。  相似文献   

埃达克岩(adakite)的地球化学特征及其构造意义   总被引：79，自引：1，他引：78       下载免费PDF全文

王焰  张旗  钱青 《地质科学》2000,35(2):251-256

埃达克岩(adakite)是一种特殊的岛弧安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩(以英安岩最常见)或英云闪长岩和奥长花岗岩。其地球化学特征表现为SiO₂56%,高铝(Al₂O₃15%),MgO常小于3%(很少超过6%),富钠,一般Na₂O>K₂O,Na₂O含量一般在4%±,K₂O含量大多在1-2%±,Y和Yb含量较低(分别为18μg/g和1.9μg/g),Sr含量较高(>400μg/g),具正Eu、正Sr异常。₈₇Sr/₈₆Sr比值常常小于0.704。埃达克岩是由年轻的(<25Ma,因此是热的)俯冲板片以小角度俯冲、并在75-85km深处(相当于角闪岩-榴辉岩过渡带)发生板片部分深融作用形成的。它是板片俯冲作用开始的一种标志。  相似文献