Invertebrate community response to experimental lime (Ca(OH)2) treatment of an eutrophic pond     

Brenda M. Miskimmin  William F. Donahue  Dainna Watson 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1995,57(1):20-30

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), or hydrated lime, has recently been reintroduced in western Canada as a treatment to reduce macrophytes and algae in eutrophic waters. We examined the effects and recovery of aquatic invertebrates of the Ca(OH)₂ treatment (250 mg L^–1) of one half of a divided eutrophic pond compared to the untreated half. Nine weeks following treatment, total invertebrates on the untreated side were present at 1917 ± 555 individuals m^–2, and on the treated side at 822 ± 186 individuals m^–2. Notably, Chironomidae represented 13% of invertebrates on the untreated half, but dominated numerically with 72% on the treated half of the pond. The remaining five most abundant taxa in the untreated side were 88%–99% less abundant in the treated half of the pond. Diversity and evenness were twice as high for the untreated half as for the treated half of the pond. Because macrophytes were also extirpated with the Ca(OH)₂ treatment, macrophyteassociated taxa were absent or at low numbers in the treated half. The death of organisms on the treated side of the pond may have been caused (directly or indirectly) by the pH shock associated with Ca(OH)₂ treatments. Slow recolonization by most invertebrates during the year of treatment was probably due to the lack of heterogeneous macrophyte habitat. Follow-up sampling 3 years later indicated that the pond completely regained the abundance and biological diversity of flora and fauna.  相似文献   

Prediction of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in deep,seasonally stratified lakes based on rates of DIN input and N removal processes     

P. Höhener  R. Gächter 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1993,55(2):112-131

Mean dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations ([DIN]) in deep, seasonally stratified lakes with comparable DIN inputs can differ by up to a factor of 3 depending on hydraulic and morphometric properties and/or different trophic states of the lakes. In such lakes, net N sedimentation rates were estimated with two independent methods (sediment core analysis and input-output mass balances). They were higher in eutrophic lakes (Mean: 5.1; SD: ± 1.6 g m^–2 yr^–1; n = 13) than in oligotrophic lakes (1.6 ± 1.0 g m^–2 yr^–1; n = 3), but independent of [DIN]. Gaseous N loss rates to the atmosphere, as calculated from combined N- and P-mass balances from selected lakes, ranged from 0.9 to 37.4 g m^–2 yr^–1 (n = 10) and were positively correlated with [DIN]. Reduction of NO ₃ ^- to N₂ is assumed to be the main cause for gaseous N losses. A simple one-box mass balance model for [DIN], based on DIN input and rates and kinetics of N removal processes (net sedimentation and gaseous N loss) is proposed, and validated with a data base on [DIN] and DIN input in 19 deep, seasonally stratified lakes of central Europe. The model illustrated that the amount of water loading per unit surface area of a lake (called water discharge height q) is the critical parameter determining mean lake [DIN] relative to mean input [DIN]. Lakes with a q > 50 m yr^–1 have average [DIN] similar to the [DIN] of the inflows regardless of their trophic states, because input and outflow exceed lake-internal N removal processes. A high primary production favors DIN removal in lakes with q < 50 m yr^–1. It is concluded that measures to decrease primary production, e.g. by means of P removal programs, lead to an increase of [DIN] in lakes.  相似文献   

地震灾害经济损失严重性的宏观估算法     

李平 《地质科技情报》1993,12(4):97-101

对未来发生地震可能造成的经济损失进行预测,是各个地区政府部门进行经济建设规划的一项必不可少的基础性工作。本文着重分析了影响地震灾害损失的因素,提出了定量计算地震灾害经济损失严重性的数学模式。  相似文献   

Estimating the vulnerability and loss functions of residential buildings     

Behrooz Tavakoli  Aushahab Favakoli 《Natural Hazards》1993,7(2):155-171

This paper is concerned with an investigation of the damage to residential buildings in two areas within Gilan and Zanjan provinces, Iran, caused by the Manjil-Rudbar earthquake of 20 June 1990. A statistical correlation between the observed ground motion and the damage to the residential buildings is derived for overall damaged buildings and expressed as the vulnerability function. The loss function is calculated by combining the seismic hazard with the vulnerability function.The study of vulnerability and annual seismic hazard shows that the specific annual risk for the range of motion of 0.18 to 0.5 g is equal to 0.02. This indicates that the specific risk for semi-engineered residential buildings with a lifetime of 20 years is about 33%. This study also shows that in large cities, such as Tehran, located in seismic areas, the extent of damage according to the vulnerability function will be 45 and 70% for expected maximum accelerations of 0.3 and 0.4 g, respectively.  相似文献   

关于风化壳建造、古风化壳建造及其形成机理问题          下载免费PDF全文

廖士范 《沉积与特提斯地质》1993,(5):57-63

现代风化作用形成风化壳物质,经过迁移就位以后形成风化壳建造;第四纪以前的古风化作用则形成古风化壳物质,经过迁移就位以后形成古风化壳建造。它们既不同于海相沉积,也不同于陆相沉积,与板块构造也无关系。但是它们有相同的风化作用形成机理;有大同小异的风化矿物、结构构造,以及颗粒大小不一,排列杂乱的产出特征,也有相同的迁移就位特征。是一个独特的建造,值得讨论。  相似文献   

Soil loss and sediment transport during the storms and landslides of May 1988 in Ruhengeri prefecture,Rwanda     

Alton C. Byers III 《Natural Hazards》1992,5(3):279-292

In early May 1988, five prefectures in western Rwanda experienced catastrophic levels of precipitation, landslide, and flooding activity that resulted in a severe loss of life, property, and livelihood. Using data from runoff plot and hydrological monitoring stations of the Ruhengeri Resource Analysis and Management Project, the events and circumstances leading to these phenomena are reconstructed. These data show that mass wasting processes were preceded by more than 140 mm of precipitation during 4–7 May, which may have saturated local soils. A small earth tremor on 7 May, (Richter scale of 3) contributed to the onset of the catastrophic debris avalanche, torrent, and earthflow activity that commenced 24 h later. The more than 50 mm of precipitation that fell during 9 May, including a maximum 30 min intensity of 24 mm, resulted in continued surficial soil loss that averaged 34 t/ha on seven cropped, Wischmeier-type runoff plots with biological erosion control contours. The Nyamutera River, which drains the impacted area, delivered 567000 tons of suspended sediment to its mouth between 7 and 13 May. This corresponds to a basin-wide lowering of 12600 t/km², or more than half of the basin's annual suspended sediment yield. Theoretical distributions of maximum 24 h precipitation events suggest that Nyakinama and other regions in Ruhengeri are particularly prone to similar high volume events, exacerbating an already serious soil loss problem throughout the prefecture. Because contemporary land use practices directly contributed to the severity of the 1988 event, further applied research that identifies technologies capable of reducing soil loss, augmenting soil fertility, and minimizing the impacts of high magnitude and high volume rainfall is greatly needed.  相似文献   

几种全岩样品40Ar-39Ar年龄谱的探讨          下载免费PDF全文

李大明  陈文寄 《地震地质》1992,14(4):361-367

探讨了玄武岩、辉绿岩和断层泥中粘土矿物3种全岩样品在40Ar-39Ar分析中的某些问题。利用快中子照射过程中不同矿物发生不均匀Ar丟失的模式解释了玄武岩40Ar-39Ar全熔年龄与K-Ar年龄间的差异。对辉绿岩样品的40Ar-39Ar分析确定了辉绿岩脉的侵入时代,并说明该地区其它辉绿岩样品K-Ar年龄的离散是受后期变质作用的影响。对于断层泥中粘土矿物,快中子照射中39Ar的反冲丢失导致<1μm粒级部分的40Ar-39Ar全熔年龄偏高。<1μm和2～10μm粒级样品的40Ar-39Ar年龄谱中,低温区较低的阶段年龄可能是断层后期较强烈活动的结果。  相似文献   

Dissolution, solution transfer, diffusion versus fluid flow and volume loss during deformation/metamorphism   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

T. H. BELL  C. CUFF 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1989,7(4):425-447

ABSTRACT Dissolution and solution transfer during deformation/metamorphism are controlled by the partitioning of deformation into progressive shearing and shortening components. Progressive shearing is readily accommodated by slip on the planar crystal structure of phyllosilicates and graphite without accumulating dislocation density gradients across grain boundaries. Progressive shortening is accommodated by the cores of most other minerals (including sulphides). These minerals develop strain, and hence dislocation density gradients, on their rims due to progressive shearing along grain boundaries. These gradients are particularly large when the mineral abuts phyllosilicate or graphite. The resulting chemical potential gradients between the core and rim drive dissolution, causing removal of the highly strained grain margins. Removal of dissolved material by solution transfer is aided by the geometry of shearing of phyllosilicates and graphite around other grains in an active anastomosing foliation. Interlayers and interfaces on boundaries lying at a low angle to the direction of shearing, and oriented relative to the sense of shear such that they can open, gape by small amounts. Water present in these interlayer spaces becomes destructured, considerably enhancing diffusion rates along the foliation. Penetrative volume loss, especially in deforming/metamorphosing pelitic rocks, is large at all metamorphic grades, increasing and becoming more penetrative with depth to at least the transition into granulite and eclogite facies. Transference of material by fluid flow from deep to high levels in the earth's crust is precluded because thousands to tens of thousands of rock volumes of fluid are required, necessitating continual recirculation of fluid from shallow to deep crustal levels in one large or several small sets of cells, unless some extremely large-scale form of fluid channelling is possible. Reassessment of diffusion mechanisms, and hence rates, during deformation and pervasive foliation generation in large volumes of rock where fluid channeling cannot provide enough fluid, indicates that diffusion can proceed with sufficient rapidity that massive recirculation of fluid is no longer required. The amount of fluid can be reduced sufficiently to allow large volume losses by a one-way flow of fluid to the earth's surface, in deforming/metamorphosing environments where the fluid pressure equals or exceeds the hydrostatic pressure. Deformation partitioning-controlled dissolution progressively changes the bulk chemistry of a rock containing phyllosilicates or graphite during deformation/metamorphism because matrix minerals, other than phyllosilicates and graphite, are preferentially removed. The large size of porphyroblasts, if present, tends to preserve them from dissolution. Hence, the bulk chemistry operative during subsequent porphyroblast growth can have changed considerably from that operative when the first porphyroblasts grew, in rocks in which bedding is still well preserved.  相似文献   

Forecast of impacts of sea-level rise on the low colonized islands and their surrounding waters in the Changjiang River mouth     

Shi-lun Yang  Qing-ying Zhao  Wen-hui Xie  Xing-fang Wang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2000,10(2):113-118

Thethreatagainstthecoastallowlandcausedbysea-levelriseisoneofthefocusesoftheworid'sat-tention.Thebestestimatevalueofglobaltheoreticalsea-levelriseinthe2lstcenturyisO.66m(SCOR,l99l)byworldwideauthoritativeorganizationsuchasIPCC(IntergovernmentPanelofClimateChange)etal.ThecrustofChangiiangDeltaissubsiding.Theaveragesubsidencerateinthelast2OOOaisl.2mm/a(PANetal.,l985).TheislandsoftheChangiiangRivermouthareaccumulatinglowlandislandsandtheirnat-uralelevationisbelowthehightidallevelofsprin…  相似文献   

三峡库区坡地生态工程控制土壤养分流失研究——以等高植物篱为例   总被引：46，自引：7，他引：39  

许峰  蔡强国  吴淑安  张光远  丁树文  蔡崇法 《地理研究》2000,19(3):303-310

三峡库区紫色土陡坡地径流小区大雨强模拟降雨实验表明,以等高植物篱为代表的坡地生态工程能相当有效地减少坡面侵蚀量、径流量和坡面氮、磷养分损失量。由于植物篱和带间覆盖稿秆对径流的阻滞作用使坡面径流与表土的混合、养分溶解交换过程更加充分,径流携带的养分流失成为有效养分流失的主要方式。通过施肥改善土壤渗透特性、抗蚀性及带间覆盖能明显提高控制坡面产沙、产流和养分流失。等高植物篱-农作系统各种处理中以施用有机肥和配施有、无机肥-带间麦秆覆盖两种处理效果最好。  相似文献