Choosing the Right Policy Tools to Encourage Watershed Stewardship through the Study of Attitude     

Matt DeAngelo  Max Nielsen-Pincus 《社会与自然资源》2017,30(11):1328-1342

Recently, a number of “Payment for Watershed Services” programs have aimed to engage private landowners in watershed stewardship initiatives by offering financial incentives for adopting watershed best management practices. However, a growing field of research suggests that financial incentives alone may be of limited utility to encourage widespread and long-standing behavior change, and other policy tools may be required. This research examines how attitudes may influence enrollment in watershed stewardship programs to shed light the application of incentive, capacity building, and symbolic policy tools. We distributed a questionnaire to rural landowners in the Clackamas River watershed, OR, and received 281 valid responses (29% response rate). We found that attitudes associated with trust, ecological understanding, and technical capacity played more fundamental roles compared with financial considerations. We interpret these findings by evaluating the likely efficacy of various policy tools, and stress the importance of engaging landowners by building capacity and trust.  相似文献   

Defining optimal DEM resolutions and point densities for modelling hydrologically sensitive areas in agricultural catchments dominated by microtopography     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2017

Defining critical source areas (CSAs) of diffuse pollution in agricultural catchments depends upon the accurate delineation of hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) at highest risk of generating surface runoff pathways. In topographically complex landscapes, this delineation is constrained by digital elevation model (DEM) resolution and the influence of microtopographic features. To address this, optimal DEM resolutions and point densities for spatially modelling HSAs were investigated, for onward use in delineating CSAs. The surface runoff framework was modelled using the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and maps were derived from 0.25 m LiDAR DEMs (40 bare-earth points m⁻²), resampled 1 m and 2 m LiDAR DEMs, and a radar generated 5 m DEM. Furthermore, the resampled 1 m and 2 m LiDAR DEMs were regenerated with reduced bare-earth point densities (5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 points m⁻²) to analyse effects on elevation accuracy and important microtopographic features. Results were compared to surface runoff field observations in two 10 km² agricultural catchments for evaluation. Analysis showed that the accuracy of modelled HSAs using different thresholds (5%, 10% and 15% of the catchment area with the highest TWI values) was much higher using LiDAR data compared to the 5 m DEM (70–100% and 10–84%, respectively). This was attributed to the DEM capturing microtopographic features such as hedgerow banks, roads, tramlines and open agricultural drains, which acted as topographic barriers or channels that diverted runoff away from the hillslope scale flow direction. Furthermore, the identification of ‘breakthrough’ and ‘delivery’ points along runoff pathways where runoff and mobilised pollutants could be potentially transported between fields or delivered to the drainage channel network was much higher using LiDAR data compared to the 5 m DEM (75–100% and 0–100%, respectively). Optimal DEM resolutions of 1–2 m were identified for modelling HSAs, which balanced the need for microtopographic detail as well as surface generalisations required to model the natural hillslope scale movement of flow. Little loss of vertical accuracy was observed in 1–2 m LiDAR DEMs with reduced bare-earth point densities of 2–5 points m⁻², even at hedgerows. Further improvements in HSA models could be achieved if soil hydrological properties and the effects of flow sinks (filtered out in TWI models) on hydrological connectivity are also considered.  相似文献   

不同浓度污染气溶胶对一次暴雨的影响     

杨桃进  刘宇迪  眭敏 《大气科学》2017,41(4):882-896

本文应用WRF-Chem模式耦合人为排放源,模拟了2011年8月13日的一次强降水过程,研究了正常（试验Norm）和两种极端情况（试验High和试验Low）下3种排放强度的人为污染气溶胶对微物理过程和降水的影响。结果表明:不同排放强度下降水开始的时间没有变化,低排放情况下降水区域未发生变化,暴雨前期试验Low的降水增强,后期减弱,降水中心强度减弱,周边降水增强,降水分散;高排放情况下降水区域明显减小,降水强度和各个量级的降水区域都减少。雨水和霰含量的变化是导致降水发生变化的原因,不同强度的污染气溶胶通过影响微物理过程影响大气的热力和动力过程,大气动力过程的变化反过来又通过微物理过程影响降水粒子的增长,从而影响地面降水。影响机理可概括为:当污染气溶胶的排放浓度增强,水汽凝结和冰晶凝华增长过程的减弱导致微物理过程的大气加热减弱,可用于发展对流的能量减少,上升运动减弱,对流强度的减弱抑制了了雨水和霰收集云水的增长,导致了可降水粒子含量的减少,降水减弱。  相似文献   

2012—2014年常州市大气重污染日的气象条件分析     

陈渤黎  雷正翠  董芹 《气象与环境科学》2017,40(1):87-94

利用常州市环境监测中心的大气污染监测资料、常州市气象局的常规气象观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等分析了2012—2014年常州市的大气污染情况,将大气重污染日的地面形势场进行了分型,并重点分析了污染程度极为严重的2013年1月的气象条件,得到以下结论：1)近3年常州市共计出现大气重污染日54天,冬季为重污染日数最多的季节,首要污染物主要是PM2.5。2)可将重污染日的地面形势场归纳为均压场型、高压底部型、高压后部型、变性高压型和低压型5种类型：均压场型扩散条件差,为大气重污染最常见的地面形势;高压底部型一般伴随有冷空气扩散,往往导致上游污染物的输送;高压后部型、变性高压型分别意味着冷高压移出和变性减弱致使污染物累积导致大气重污染发生;低压型一般易出现降水,若前期污染程度较重或降水较弱,往往导致污染维持。3)2013年1月大气污染极其严重,单月共计出现重污染日14天,降水量异常偏少是本月重污染频发的主要原因之一,高温高湿小风环境则有利于大气重污染的形成。4)秋冬季节多冷空气活动,本地往往经历均压场高压底部冷空气冷高压均压场的循环过程,冷空气“间歇期”为大气重污染高发时段,故地面形势场对大气重污染的预报预警有着较好的指示作用。  相似文献   

国家城镇生态环境综合监测技术体系构建     

王桥  赵少华  封红娥  王玉  白志杰  孟斌  陈辉 《地球信息科学学报》2020,22(10):1922-1934

近年来,我国城镇突出的生态环境问题受到社会广泛关注,作为生态环境保护工作的重要组成部分,随着城镇化的快速发展,城镇生态环境监测任务也越来越重、要求越来越高,对结合空间信息的天地一体综合监测的需求非常迫切,急需建立其技术体系,以指导城镇生态环境综合监测工作的开展。本文面向城镇生态环境综合监测的需求,从城镇污染气体、水体水质、生态资源3个方面出发,通过梳理城镇生态环境综合监测中的关键科学技术问题,结合开展的关键技术攻关研究,经过分析论证,构建了城镇生态环境综合监测技术体系框架、指标体系框架以及标准体系框架。在此基础上,根据遥感数据特点及国家生态环境监测需求,提出城镇生态环境综合监测业务应用方案,为国家和省市地方下一步有效开展城镇生态环境监测、管理等工作提供重要指导和支撑。  相似文献   

渭河干流浅层地下水与地表水中重金属Cd污染特征及风险评价     

赵玉 《地球科学与环境学报》2020,(2):267-277

为了解渭河流域水体重金属污染现状及健康危害风险,沿渭河干流采集浅层地下水和地表水水样,采用单因子指数法和美国环境保护署(USEPA)健康风险评价模型揭示了水体中重金属Cd污染现状和健康风险。结果表明:2018年渭河干流地下水和地表水中Cd浓度分别为426.40~1104.27 ng·L^-1和224.70~1154.12 ng·L^-1;参照《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)得知,地下水和地表水中Cd浓度均在GB/T 14848—2017和GB 3838-2002Ⅰ~Ⅲ类标准限值内;水体中Cd浓度表现出明显的空间分异性,沿河流流向均表现为逐渐增加的趋势;地下水与地表水中Cd浓度高值区相一致,即集中分布于陕西省兴平市和渭南市临渭区;由水体中Cd浓度单因子指数评价结果可知,渭河干流水体中Cd污染属于清洁水平;沿河流流向,渭河中游和下游水体中Cd浓度单因子污染指数远高于上游;水体中重金属Cd对成人和儿童产生的致癌风险分别为(1.48~2.05)×10^-4和(1.84~2.55)×10^-4,说明水体中Cd对人体可能会产生一定的健康风险。  相似文献   

南疆典型城市环境质量与风向特征分析     

吴梅  汤万龙  何亚平 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2018,12(1):37-43

利用1981—2015年气象观测资料,选择阿克苏市、喀什市、和田市、阿图什市4市作为样本,分析了南疆典型城市的气候基本特征,并探讨了它们的风向特征;结合2016年相应城市空气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、O3、PM2.5环境监测日报数据,分析了典型城市环境质量特征。结果表明:(1)4个城市年降水少、蒸发量大,日照时数长,浮尘、扬沙频发,属于典型的"沙漠-绿洲"生态脆弱城市。(2)4个城市的空气质量较差,首要污染物是PM10,其次是PM2.5。(3)根据风向资料,绘制4个城市的风向频率玫瑰图和污染系数玫瑰图,综合考虑阿克苏城市环境功能区划分时工业区应选在WSW方向;喀什市工业区应选在NNE方向;阿图什市工业区应选在NNW方向,其次是S方向;和田市工业区可选在NNE方向。(4)南疆四市在城市开发过程中应建设多层次的绿化结构,充分利用地域特点,发展绿色经济,提高城市的生态承载力。4个城市进行工业园区布局时,应从大局出发,做好宏观的科学的统筹规划。  相似文献   

临沂地区秋季一次重霾天气的特征分析     

胡顺起  王玉亮  朱义青 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2018,12(3):49-56

利用大气观测、探测及污染物探测资料、NCEP再分析资料和GDAS资料,对2013年10月26—29日一次持续性重霾天气过程中的气象要素和气溶胶演变特征进行分析。结果表明:本次持续性霾天气过程中,临沂地区PM_(2.5)污染严重,大气中PM_(2.5)的小时平均浓度工业区城区郊区,污染最严重时分别为365,344,284μg·m~(-3);较小的地面平均风速及PM_(2.5)浓度的稳定上升和较低的地面湿度为本次霾天气过程的形成和发展提供了有利条件;当临沂地区以南风或西南风为主时,市区霾天气加重,上游空气污染具有平流输送特征。贴地逆温层的形成,导致污染物在低空不断积累,造成污染浓度的持续升高。地方政府应加快产业结构调整,控制企业的污染物排放,才是治理雾霾的根本办法。  相似文献   

长沙市API指数时空变化特征及气象条件影响     

杨云芸  李跃清  周慧 《气象与环境科学》2017,40(1):108-113

利用长沙站2007—2012年逐日空气污染指数(Air Pollution Index,API)资料,对逐日空气污染指数、逐日空气质量级别等变化的差异进行了研究,其中包括了长沙空气质量的月变化、季节变化和年变化等,并利用湖南省地面气候背景资料及长沙市地面逐日观测资料,包括日平均气压、日降水量、日最高最低气温等,分析了长沙的API指数变化与气象因子的关系。结果表明:1)长沙2007—2012年每年的首要污染物均为可吸入颗粒物(PM10),其中在秋、冬两季污染尤为严重,API指数每年10月份出现极大值,1月份出现次大值。2)2007—2012年,长沙轻度污染及以上天数有逐年减少的趋势。这可能与长沙市在该时段秋冬季降水偏多、春季连阴雨时间长及夏季气温高等因素有关。3)长沙市API指数与日平均气压呈显著正相关,与日平均、日最高、日最低气温及日平均风速均呈显著负相关。  相似文献   

How EU policies could reduce nutrient pollution in European inland and coastal waters     

《Global Environmental Change》2021

Intensive agriculture and densely populated areas represent major sources of nutrient pollution for European inland and coastal waters, altering the aquatic ecosystems and affecting their capacity to provide ecosystem services and support economic activities. Ambitious water policies are in place in the European Union (EU) for protecting and restoring aquatic ecosystems under the Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. This research quantified the current pressures of point and diffuse nitrogen and phosphorus emissions to European fresh and coastal waters (2005–2012), and analysed the effects of three policy scenarios of nutrient reduction: 1) the application of measures currently planned in the Rural Development Programmes and under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWTD); 2) the full implementation of the UWWTD and the absence of derogations in the Nitrates Directive; 3) high reduction of nutrient, using best technologies in wastewaters treatment and optimal fertilisation in agriculture. The results of the study show that for the period 2005–2012, the nitrogen load to European seas was 3.3–4.1 TgN/y and the phosphorus load was 0.26–0.30 TgP/y. Policy measures supporting technological improvements (third scenario) could decrease the nutrient export to the seas up to 14% for nitrogen and 20% for phosphorus, improving the ecological status of rivers and lakes, but widening the nutrient imbalance in coastal ecosystems (i.e. increasing nitrogen availability with respect to phosphorus), affecting eutrophication. Further nutrient reductions could be possible by a combination of measures especially in the agricultural sector. However, without tackling current agricultural production and consumption system, the reduction might not be sufficient for achieving the goals of EU water policy in some regions. The study analysed the expected changes and the source contribution in different European regional seas, and highlights the advantages of addressing the land-sea dynamics, checking the coherence of measures taken under different policies.  相似文献