An experimental investigation of the effects of thawed soil depth on rill flow velocity     

Xiaofeng Gao  Xiaonan Shi  Tingwu Lei  Huaqing Liu  Jiahui Yang 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14043

Water flow velocity is an important hydraulic variable in hydrological and soil erosion models, and is greatly affected by freezing and thawing of the surface soil layer in cold high-altitude regions. The accurate measurement of rill flow velocity when impacted by the thawing process is critical to simulate runoff and sediment transport processes. In this study, an electrolyte tracer modelling method was used to measure rill flow velocity along a meadow soil slope at different thaw depths under simulated rainfall. Rill flow velocity was measured using four thawed soil depths (0, 1, 2 and 10 cm), four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15° and 20°) and four rainfall intensities (30, 60, 90 and 120 mm·h⁻¹). The results showed that the increase in thawed soil depth caused a decrease in rill flow velocity, whereby the rate of this decrease was also diminishing. Whilst the rill flow velocity was positively correlated with slope gradient and rainfall intensity, the response of rill flow velocity to these influencing factors varied with thawed soil depth. The mechanism by which thawed soil depth influenced rill flow velocity was attributed to the consumption of runoff energy, slope surface roughness, and the headcut effect. Rill flow velocity was modelled by thawed soil depth, slope gradient and rainfall intensity using an empirical function. This function predicted values that were in good agreement with the measured data. These results provide the foundation for a better understanding of the effect of thawed soil depth on slope hydrology, erosion and the parameterization scheme for hydrological and soil erosion models.  相似文献   

薄分子云湍流结构函数的倾角改正及其应用          下载免费PDF全文

钱磊 《天文学报》2021,62(1):7-87

通过结构函数可以测量湍流的能量级联速率.在实际观测中,无法测量分子云中气体的3维速度,这使得其湍流结构函数难以测量.对垂直于视线方向的薄分子云的情形,结构函数Stt2可以通过云核速度弥散(core velocity dispersion,CVD)进行测量,CVD2=1/2Stt2.对此进行推广,对于不垂直于视线方向的薄分子云,CVD2=1/2Stt2(1-1/8cos2θ)R2/3,其中,θ是视线方向与投影方向的夹角,平均投影距离与3维距离之比R可以用第2类椭圆积分E(k,φ)表示为R=2/πE(cosθ,π/2).  相似文献   

布谷马西钾盐矿区卜育矿段盐系地层沉积旋回划分     

栾元滇  田宁  刘东义  岳伟佳  王宏伟 《化工矿产地质》2020,42(3):225-230

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准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷西斜坡三叠系百口泉组扇三角洲优质储集层预测          下载免费PDF全文

桑林翔  刘军  王贵文  王苏天  李全  张云龙 《古地理学报》2020,22(6):1053-1064

针对准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷西斜坡风南地区三叠系百口泉组扇三角洲砂岩物性空间变化大、优质储集层(孔隙度大于7.4%,渗透率大于0.05×10^-3μm²)预测难的问题,在沉积岩石学、地震沉积学以及地震反演和解释理论指导下,综合利用测井、岩心和三维地震等资料开展了高精度层序地层划分、沉积微相描述和优质储集层地震反演研究。建立了风南井区四级层序地层格架,明确了扇三角洲多期水进水退的充填过程,指出SSQ3和SSQ5是优质储集层的发育层系;识别出扇三角洲平原分流河道、河道间和扇三角洲前缘水下分流水道、河口坝、席状砂等沉积微相,指出扇三角洲平原是优质储集层发育相带;通过应用高分辨层序地层纵向边界和沉积相横向边界约束,进行分层相控叠后地震波阻抗反演,提升储集层预测精度,在SSQ3和SSQ5预测5个优质储集层发育区,提出3口井的井位建议,钻探均获工业油流。  相似文献   

基于波形特征的露天钼矿微震事件的识别分析——以卓资山钼矿为例     

赵艳红  包金哲  王树波  翟浩  魏建民  杨智升  张晖  赵铁锁  苏日亚  王磊  王鑫  贾昕晔  刘芳 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(3):662-676

基于前人研究成果以及现场的实测结果，采用卓资山露天钼矿微震监测项目产出资料，提取了5类微震事件的波形特征和时频特征。波形特征显示:微地震的振幅、辐射均匀性和频率变化特征表明微地震是由于岩层受到单力偶和剪切力作用破裂而产生；爆破具有P波初动方向向上、S波不易识别的特点，包含“初震段、主震段、尾波段”三段变化形态；小型边坡滑坡波事件属楔体滑坡，是由多个“加速—缓冲—终止”构成，波形是由包络线呈“V”字形的多组脉冲波列组成；机械开采震动事件具有自振能量不变、脉冲幅度相差很大、持续时间间隔不确定的特点；运输车辆波形振幅具有形态“弱—强—弱”、等频率、包络线呈多段纺锤形的特征。时频空间分布可以分为相对独立、界限分明的两类:一类包含微地震、爆破、机械开采、小型边坡滑坡事件，另一类只包含车辆运输事件。  相似文献   

国外OTA与传统旅游企业竞合关系研究综述     

盛蕾 《世界地理研究》2019,28(3):202-212

作为重要的在线营销渠道，OTA一直是传统旅游企业的重要合作伙伴之一。无论是OTA抢夺资源还是传统旅游企业对抗升级，双方之间的竞争趋势愈加明显。由此，相关方面的研究逐步增多。国外研究从OTA与饭店、航空公司等传统旅游企业合作、竞争和竞合平衡三个方面入手，主要围绕OTA与饭店的竞合问题展开。重视实证分析，采用数理统计和模型构建等定量研究方法，针对航空公司和饭店企业，从市场细分、定价、客房分配等角度提出实现双方竞合平衡的方案。建议今后加强对OTA和传统旅游企业合作模式变化的跟踪分析，关注OTA与景区、餐馆等旅游供应商的博弈关系。  相似文献   

Hydrologic separation and their contributions to N loss in an agricultural catchment in hilly red soil region   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wang  Yaji  Gao  Lei  Peng  Xinhua 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2019,62(11):1730-1743

The impacts of hydrological processes on N loss is of great value to understand the N transport at catchment scale,which is far from clear. Rainfall, soil water, groundwater and stream water and their N concentrations were monitored from March 2017 to February 2018 in Sunjia agricultural catchment of the red soil critical zone. Objectives of this study were:(1) to determine the dynamics of N concentration of different waters and their N loads;(2) to assess their contributions to N load of streamflow in the paddy and upland mixed agricultural catchment. Our results showed that the N concentrations of soil water(4.8 mg L~(-1)) and groundwater(6.0 mg L~(-1)) were the highest, approximately 2 to 5 times higher than those of stream water(2.7 mg L~(-1)), rain water(1.7 mg L~(-1)) and irrigation water(1.2 mg L~(-1)). The N net loss of the catchment(38.2 kg ha~(-1) yr~(-1))accounted for 15% of the total fertilizer N input. Rainy season(April–June) was a high-risk period of N loss, contributing to more than one third of the total annual loss amount. Using end-member mixing analysis model(EMMA), we found groundwater(whose discharge accounted for 25% of the catchment streamflow) was an important source for the N loss in the agricultural catchment. Even in this catchment with coexisting upland and paddy field ecosystems, identified end-members could be used to predict the N load well(R~20.87, p0.001). These results can deepen our understanding of the relationship between hydrological process and N transport in the red soil critical zone and are also helpful to improve the water and fertilizer management in subtropical agricultural catchment.  相似文献   

Temporal-Spatial Variation of Surface Suspended Matter and Controlling Factors in the Inner Shelf of the East China Sea in Winter     

MIN Jianxiong  LI Guangxue  DING Dong  QIAO Lulu  MA Yanyan  YANG Gang  ZHANG Yaqi  ZHANG Lei  LI Shuhao 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2019,(1)

Based on the observed surface suspended matter in the East China Sea in February 2007 and June 2015, an empirical model was established using L1 b's band 4 data to retrieve surface suspended matter from the Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer Terra imagery. The squared correlation coefficient is 0.8358, and the root mean square error is 0.4285 mg L-1. The model reflects the distribution characteristics of surface suspended matter in the inner shelf of the East China Sea. In this paper, the satellite images of the study area were retrieved in January from 2001 to 2015, and the monthly distribution of surface suspended matter were obtained. The inter-annual distribution of the study area is similar, and the concentration of surface suspended matter is higher near the shore than offshore. A large amount of surface suspended matter is transported southeast under the influence of Zhejiang and Fujian coastal current and Taiwan warm current. Only a small amount of surface suspension can reach the Kuroshio area. The surface suspended matter concentration changes obviously near the estuary because of the effect of differences in the flux of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, winter monsoon, temperature front, El Ni?o events, and other factors affect the distribution of surface suspended matter in 100 m isobath to coastal water but minimally influence the distribution in 100 m isobath to deep sea.  相似文献   

东北三省城市土地利用效益评价及耦合协调关系研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

田俊峰  王彬燕  王士君 《地理科学》2019,39(2):305-315

在阐述城市土地利用效益系统耦合协调性内涵及其交互作用机理的基础上,构建综合评价指标体系,运用均方差决策法、耦合协调度模型,对东北三省2003~2015年城市土地利用综合效益及其主成分间耦合协调关系进行测度,并分析其时空演化过程。研究认为：① 城市土地利用综合效益表现出随时间“先升后降”的特征,区内三省间差异明显,中心和门户城市长期处于较高水平。② 城市土地利用经济效益亦存在“先升后降”的时序变化特征,空间上表现为“南高北低”,低值区范围缩减明显;社会效益差异不显著,在南北方向上表现出“凸”字型分布特征;区域生态环境效益整体较高,高值区由集中趋向分散。③ 城市土地利用经济、社会、生态环境效益间耦合协调关系在各时间节点均表现为失调,且以中度失调为主,但中心城市和门户城市的三效益耦合协调关系相对较好,向协调方向发展,哈长与辽中南城市群地区协调性优于其他区域,吉林省与辽宁省东部的部分城市协调关系趋向恶化。④ 城市土地利用效益间关系失调主要受复合因素的作用,经济效益滞后是制约土地利用效益耦合协调关系提升的主因,生态环境效益滞后不是限制土地利用效益耦合协调性提升的主要因素。  相似文献   

全二维气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定复杂基质土壤中24种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药     

时磊  孙艳艳  沈小明  吕爱娟  蔡小虎  刘娇  沈加林 《岩矿测试》2020,39(6):856-865

目前针对环境样品中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药的检测方法主要有气相色谱法和气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS），由于气相色谱法采用电子捕获检测器从而具有较高的灵敏度，在污染物的环境行为研究中得到广泛应用，GC-MS法的定性效果好，但检测灵敏度相对偏低。本文研究了2018年土壤详查江苏地区样品中有机氯农药和拟除虫菊酯的残留状况，结果显示，即使经过多次净化仍有20%的样品存在假阳性或基质干扰现象。为了提高定性准确度，同时保证检测灵敏度，实验建立了复杂基质土壤中20种有机氯农药和4种拟除虫菊酯的全二维气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测方法，最终选择中等极性的TG-35MS为第一色谱柱，非极性的（DB-1）为第二色谱柱，将鲜样与无水硫酸钠混合均匀后，以正己烷-丙酮（1：1，V/V）为提取剂进行索氏提取，采用全二维气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行检测，外标法定量。各物质的质量浓度均在1.0~500μg/L内与其峰面积呈线性关系，相关系数均大于0.995，检出限为0.02~0.17μg/kg。用标准加入法进行回收实验，测得回收率为80.7%~103.5%，测定值的相对标准偏差（n=6）为1.84%~10.12%。本方法将高灵敏度检测器与全二维色谱相结合，在保证检测灵敏度的同时增加了峰容量，有效去除了基质干扰。相比2018年土壤详查参考方法HJ 835—2017的检出限0.02~0.09mg/kg（全扫模式），本方法检出限显著降低，且操作简单，可为复杂基质样品中的痕量超痕量检测提供参考。  相似文献