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1.
Murali Krishna Gumma Prasad S Thenkabail Kumara Charyulu Deevi Irshad A Mohammed Pardhasaradhi Teluguntla Adam Oliphant 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2018,55(6):926-949
Cropland fallows are the next best-bet for intensification and extensification, leading to increased food production and adding to the nutritional basket. The agronomical suitability of these lands can decide the extent of usage of these lands. Myanmar’s agricultural land (over 13.8 Mha) has the potential to expand by another 50% into additional fallow areas. These areas may be used to grow short-duration pulses, which are economically important and nutritionally rich, and constitute the diets of millions of people as well as provide an important source of livestock feed throughout Asia. Intensifying rice fallows will not only improve the productivity of the land but also increase the income of the smallholder farmers. The enhanced cultivation of pulses will help improve nutritional security in Myanmar and also help conserve natural resources and reduce environmental degradation. The objectives of this study was to use remote sensing methods to identify croplands in Myanmar and cropland fallow areas in two important agro-ecological regions, delta and coastal region and the dry zone. The study used moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250-m, 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maximum value composite (MVC), and land surface water index (LSWI) for one 1 year (1 June 2012–31 May 2013) along with seasonal field-plot level information and spectral matching techniques to derive croplands versus cropland fallows for each of the three seasons: the monsoon period between June and October; winter period between November and February; and summer period between March and May. The study showed that Myanmar had total net cropland area (TNCA) of 13.8 Mha. Cropland fallows during the monsoon season account for a meagre 2.4% of TNCA. However, in the winter season, 56.5% of TNCA (or 7.8 Mha) were classified as cropland fallows and during the summer season, 82.7% of TNCA (11.4 Mha) were cropland fallows. The producer’s accuracy of the cropland fallow class varied between 92 and 98% (errors of omission of 2 to 8%) and user’s accuracy varied between 82 and 92% (errors of commission of 8 to 18%) for winter and summer, respectively. Overall, the study estimated 19.2 Mha cropland fallows from the two major seasons (winter and summer). Out of this, 10.08 Mha has sufficient moisture (either from rainfall or stored soil water content) to grow short-season pulse crops. This potential with an estimated income of US$ 300 per hectare, if exploited sustainably, is estimated to bring an additional net income of about US$ 1.5 billion to Myanmar per year if at least half (5.04 Mha) of the total cropland fallows (10.08 Mha) is covered with short season pulses. 相似文献
2.
Based on four reanalysis datasets including CMA-RA, ERA5, ERA-Interim, and FNL, this paper proposes an improved intelligent method for shear line identification by introducing a second-order zonal-wind shear. Climatic characteristics of shear lines and related rainstorms over the Southern Yangtze River Valley (SYRV) during the summers (June-August) from 2008 to 2018 are then analyzed by using two types of unsupervised machine learning algorithm, namely the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding method (t-SNE) and the k-means clustering method. The results are as follows: (1) The reproducibility of the 850 hPa wind fields over the SYRV using China’s reanalysis product CMA-RA is superior to that of European and American products including ERA5, ERA-Interim, and FNL. (2) Theory and observations indicate that the introduction of a second-order zonal-wind shear criterion can effectively eliminate the continuous cyclonic curvature of the wind field and identify shear lines with significant discontinuities. (3) The occurrence frequency of shear lines appearing in the daytime and nighttime is almost equal, but the intensity and the accompanying rainstorm have a clear diurnal variation: they are significantly stronger during daytime than those at nighttime. (4) Half (47%) of the shear lines can cause short-duration rainstorms (≥20 mm (3h)-1 ), and shear line rainstorms account for one-sixth (16%) of the total summer short-duration rainstorms. Rainstorms caused by shear lines are significantly stronger than that caused by other synoptic forcing. (5) Under the influence of stronger water vapor transport and barotropic instability, shear lines and related rainstorms in the north and middle of the SYRV are stronger than those in the south. 相似文献
3.
近年来,变化环境（气候变化和城镇化）导致城市暴雨的发生频率或强度增加,加剧了城市暴雨洪涝问题。因此,分析变化环境对城市暴雨及排水系统的影响对城市水资源规划管理、市政规划设计和城市防灾减灾有着重要意义。总结了未来高精度降雨预估技术、变化环境下排水系统设计标准等关键问题的研究进展,综述了变化环境下城市短历时暴雨演变规律及变化环境对城市排水系统影响的研究现状,探讨了变化环境对城市短历时暴雨的影响机理,并归纳了当前研究变化环境对城市暴雨及排水系统影响的主要方法。指出今后应重点加强的研究:①加强气候变化和城镇化对城市短历时暴雨影响机制的研究;②提升区域气候模式对城市区域下垫面和大气相互作用的描述能力,并加强公里尺度对流可解析模型在城市气候变化影响研究中的应用;③加强对变化环境下排水系统设计标准的研究;④综合评估气候变化和城镇化对城市排水系统超载、污染物转移和水安全等的影响。 相似文献
4.
河北唐山地区盛汛期短时强降水概念模型及物理量特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2006-2013年区域自动站降水资料以及NCEP再分析资料,应用EOF分析和中尺度天气图分析等方法对唐山地区盛汛期短历时强降水的时空分布特征、天气学概念模型以及物理量特征进行研究.结果表明：唐山东北部是短时强降水的活跃区、西南部为不活跃区,但西南部极端短时强降水更强;存在5种降水空间分布类型,分别是“一致型”“西北多型”“东南多型”“东北异常偏多型”“东北异常偏少型”.700 hPa切变线是否断裂、副热带高压及高低空急流的位置以及高低空干湿区配置决定了降水分布;短时强降水发生时局地水汽丰富,暖云层厚度较大,垂直风切变较弱,存在一定的不稳定能量,强天气威胁指数较小、0℃层较高,大多数类型都有强的水汽辐合,但“东北异常偏多型”辐合较弱,其水汽主要来源于本地. 相似文献
5.
利用2001—2014年湖北省77个气象观测站的整点逐时降水数据,通过划分不同区域和三种量级降水的方法,分析了夏季(6—8月)降水日变化特征。结果表明:1)湖北省夏季降水日变化特征非常明显,降水量曲线呈双峰结构,峰值出现在08时和17时(北京时间,下同),降水频次与降水强度均呈现"一主一次"的双峰结构,这主要与青藏高原东移来的天气系统自西向东的滞后性以及局地热力强迫有关,发生在傍晚(15—18时)的降水强度有明显的年际增强趋势。2)湖北省降水日变化特征区域差异显著,鄂西北与鄂西南降水峰值主要出现在傍晚和夜间,谷值出现在正午,鄂东三个区域的降水峰值出现在上午和傍晚,谷值出现在午夜。3)近14 a强度为0~20 mm/h的降水呈现减少趋势,主要发生在鄂西地区。其日变化曲线为"一主一次"的双峰结构,主(次)峰值出现在07(17)时。与之相反,短时强降水(≥20 mm/h)的发生概率东部大于西部,平原大于山区,有增加趋势的站点占总站点数的53.24%,峰(谷)值出现在17(12)时。短时特大强降水(≥50 mm/h)峰值出现在15—20时,03—14时出现概率较低。 相似文献
6.
Yunlong Liu Cai Liu Lei Qiu Vera Schlindwein Haijiang Zhang 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):201-211
ABSTRACTIn this paper, we describe the results of a first pilot experiment of passive seismic monitoring near the active Longqi hydrothermal vent at the Southwest Indian Ridge during Chinese cruise DY115-30. During 102-day experiment, we recorded over 2,000 seismic events on a single ocean bottom seismometer with hydrophone close to the hydrothermal field. We classified these events into the following three classes based on their time–frequency characteristics: (1) volcano tectonic microearthquakes (VTMs); (2) regional earthquakes; (3) short-duration events (SDEs). We preliminarily located the 1,277 VTMs using a single-station location method. Our results revealed hypocenters primarily beneath the axial valley ridge which is about 10?km away from hydrothermal vent and extending to the upper mantle at a depth of 15?km. Two discrete swarms of VTMs occurred during our survey period. The SDEs show a complex frequency characteristics ascribed to clusters of monochromatic waves around different frequencies. This suggests that SDEs result from combination of harmonic waves resonating in fluid-filled pipes and cracks. 相似文献
7.
刘鑫华 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2012,6(5):25-29
本文应用常规天气图资料、地面加密降水观测资料、探空资料及美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2010年7月19日山东飑线过程和2011年7月26日河北飑线过程进行了分析研究。结果表明, 两次过程的相同点是：都位于500 hPa高空槽前;两次飑线过程均产生了雷雨大风和短时强降水天气;湿层均较深厚;下沉有效位能均较大。不同点为：2010年7月19日山东飑线过程属于有明显垂直风切变环境中的飑线;对流不稳定能量相对较低。而2011年7月26日河北飑线过程属于风垂直切变相对小的环境中的飑线;对流不稳定能量很大。除了雷雨大风和短时强降水天气之外还产生了冰雹。 相似文献
8.
针对2009—2017年6～9月天津地区140次短时强降水天气过程,将NCEP FNL(1°×1°)全球分析资料与地面气象观测数据融合,计算天津地区短时强降水的融合物理量参数,通过偏差和偏差区间占有率等分析融合物理量的可信度,并在大量样本统计基础上给出不同月份的短时强降水环境参量特征和指标。结果表明：(1)基于NCEP FNL分析资料与地面气象观测数据的融合物理量在短时强降水潜势判断中具有较高的可信度,融合CAPE、LI、LCL平均绝对误差分别为260.7J.kg-1、0.9℃、14hPa,与融合前的NCEP FNL物理量相比绝对误差分别降低了58.1%、48.0%、49.0%。(2)不同月份短时强降水发生所必需的水汽、热力和能量等环境条件差异显著,TPW、K、LI、CAPE、LCL和Z0均呈现明显的月变化特征。(3)若以75%短时强降水发生的环境条件作为预报指标,7～8月TPW、K、CAPE、Z0、LCL物理量阈值极为相近,短时强降水多发生在TPW>45kg.m-2、K>32℃、CAPE>835J.kg-1、LCL>882 hPa、Z0>4300m条件下,6月物理量指标要求明显降低,如TPW>34kg.m-2、K>30℃、CAPE>353J.kg-1、LCL>880 hPa、Z0>3900m,9月预报指标要求则最低。 相似文献
9.
利用广义极值分布函数拟合1981—2016年重庆34个国家气象站短历时(1、3、6、12 h)极值降水序列,对拟合结果进行显著性水平检验,并给出不同重现期极值降水的空间分布。结果表明:广义极值分布函数能较好地拟合重庆地区的短历时极值降水。随着降水历时的延长,服从Weibull分布(Frechet分布)的站点数逐渐减少(增加)。各短历时不同重现期降水的空间分布具体表现为10 a以下及20 a以上基本相似,位于长江沿线以北的重庆西北部地区降水量明显大于重庆长江沿线以南地区,且渝东南降水的相对大值区位于彭水地区。随着重现期的增加,降水中心更加集中,渝东北的大值中心随着历时的延长向北移动。广义极值分布函数的形状参数的绝对值接近或超出0.5时,计算的高重现期(大于样本长度)极值降水存在较大偏差;当不同历时降水拟合的形状参数值具有明显差异时,高重现期降水可能出现与客观规律相悖的现象。 相似文献
10.
设计暴雨是缺乏流量数据的中小流域推求设计洪水的基础,对水利工程设施、市政工程设计等建设标准具有重大影响,国内外对此展开了大量研究。近年来由于气候和环境变化的影响,洪水频发且流量极大,山洪和城市内涝灾害对山区人民和城市居民的财产及人身安全构成了威胁,引起了多起严重事故,因此对设计暴雨雨型提出了更高的要求。论文系统总结了典型暴雨雨型选择的原则与方法和雨型分类方法,梳理了相关方面的国内外雨型推求方法及其特点,包括芝加哥雨型法、Huff雨型法、三角形雨型法、Pilgrim & Cordery雨型法等4种短历时设计暴雨雨型,以及长历时的SCS雨型与同频率分析法;最后提出了中小流域设计暴雨雨型存在的问题并对未来研究方向进行展望。 相似文献