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1.
Schists from two mylonitic localities in the footwall of a low-angle normal fault in the eastern Alps record different degrees
of embrittlement during exhumation, depending on the extent to which fluid–rock reactions proceeded. At one site, graphitic
schists preserve textural evidence for two metamorphic reactions that modified
and/or fluid volume: (1) reaction between graphite and aqueous fluid that increased without changing the molar amount of fluid, and (2) replacement of titanite by rutile, calcite, and quartz. The latter reaction
involved net consumption of increasingly CO2-rich fluid. Areas where the first reaction proceeded are associated with abundant Mode I microcracks. Fluid inclusion arrays
within the microcracks show that increased from ∼0.1 to 0.6 during decompression from 4.75 to 2 kbar at a reference temperature of 500°C. Titanite consumption
is most pronounced within transgranular Mode I microcracks, but microcracks do not crosscut products of this reaction; fluid
consumption during reaction was coeval with the end of microcracking, at least on a local scale. At the other site, graphitic
schists lack small-scale Mode I cracks as well as evidence for graphite consumption during decompression. SEM imaging shows
that graphite is anhedral and pitted at the first site, but occurs in clusters of euhedral grains at the second site. Mass
balance calculations demonstrate that rocks with partially consumed graphite were infiltrated by an externally derived, H2O-rich fluid that drove subsequent graphite-fluid reaction. Evidence for similar fluid infiltration is absent at the second
site. Variations in the degree of reaction progress indicate that fluid pathways and deformation style were heterogeneous
on the scale of millimeters to kilometers during exhumation from mid-crustal depths. 相似文献
2.
During granulite-facies metamorphism of metasedimentary rocks by the infiltration of carbonic fluids, the disappearance of hydrated minerals leads to the liberation of aqueous fluids. These fluids are strongly enriched in F and C1, and a series of Large-lon-Lithophile （LIL） elements and rare metals, resulting in their depletion in granulites. To sum up the fate of these elements, we focus on three domains representing different crustal levels and showing distinct behaviours with respect to these elements. The Lapland metasedimentary granulites illustrate the behaviour of the LILE and rare metals during lower crustal metamorphism. There is no change in Ba, moderate loss in Rb, and extreme depletion in Cs, Li, and Sn. F and CI contents are also very low compared to the protoliths or average upper continental crust. Biotite and amphibole breakdown leads to the incorporation of their partitioning into a fluid or a melt. The Tranomaro metasomatized marbles recrystallizing under granulite-facies conditions represent a demonstrative example of fluid transfer from granulite-facies supracrustals to traps represented by regional scale skarns. Such fluids may be at the origin of the incompatible element enrichment detected in leucosomes of migmatites from St Malo in Brittany （France） and Black Hills in South Dakota, The northern French Massif Central provides us with an example of a potential association between incompatible element enrichment of granitic melts and granulite-facies metamorphism. U- and F- enriched fine-grained granites are emplaced along a crustal scale shear zone active during the emplacement within the St Sylvestre peraluminous leucogranitic complex, We propose that during granulite-facies metamorphism dominated by carbonic waves in a deep segment of the continental crust, these shear zones control： （i） the percolation of F-, LILE-, rare metal-rich fluids liberated primarily by the breakdown of biotite; （ii） the enhancement of partial melting by F-rich fluids at intermediate crustal lev 相似文献
3.
阿尔泰铁木尔特铅锌矿床的碳质流体组合及其地质意义 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
铁木尔特铅锌矿是阿尔泰克兰盆地内最主要的VMS型矿床。矿床受控于阿巴宫-库尔提断裂,铅锌矿体分布于该断裂NE逆冲盘的下泥盆统康布铁堡组地层绿泥石英片岩、大理岩或层状矽卡岩中。矿体形态多呈透镜状、似层状,并整合产于变质岩系中,发育多含矿化层。金属矿物有方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿等。铁木尔特铅锌矿床晚期发育多金属硫化物石英脉,至少可识别出3个流体包裹体组合（FIA）。FIO为高盐度流体包裹体组合,主要为含子矿物的多相包裹体（L-V-S型）,部分为气液两相包裹体（L-V型）,局限于单个石英颗粒内,包裹体呈无序分布,或呈孤立的单个包裹体分布,包裹体的最终均一温度322—422．5℃。F11为次生的CO2-H2O流体包裹体组合,主要由单相（LCO2）和两相（LCO2-LH2O）的富CO2包裹体组成,呈线性分布,穿透石英颗粒边界,明显属于次生包裹体范畴。FI2为碳质（CO2-CH4）流体包裹体组合,广泛发育,包裹体主要由单相（LCO2、LCO2-CH4或LCO2-N2）、少量两相（LCO2-LH2O）富CO2包裹体组成,大小5μm-20μm,成群定向分布,穿透石英颗粒边界并切断FI1,是晚于FI1的次生包裹体组合,反映晚期较大的构造一流体活动。对FI2的详细研究表明,LCO2型包裹体的TmCO2=-63．3～-57．7℃,ThCO2=-27．5～＋29．7℃;LCO2-CH4型或LCO2-N2型包裹体的TmCO2=-80．5～-5．5℃,LhCO2=-56．0～-25．0℃;LCO2-LH2O型包裹体CO2相的ThCO2=-66．9--0．9℃,ThCO2=-13．3～＋2．3℃,包裹体的最终均一温度Th,total=243．1—361．1℃。铁木尔特次生碳质流体组合,萨热阔布金矿主成矿阶段、赛都-多拉纳含金剪切带中早期透镜状石英脉碳质流体组合,以及阿舍勒等矿床的次生碳质流体组合,都具有相似的流体性质,均为高密度的CO2-CH4-N2流体,其来源与石炭-二叠造山作用主期的区域动力热流变质作用有关。 相似文献
4.
Guoxiang Chi Benoît Dubé Kenneth Williamson Anthony E. Williams-Jones 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,40(6-7):726-741
The Campbell-Red Lake gold deposit in the Red Lake greenstone belt, with a total of approximately 840 t of gold (past production + reserves) and an average grade of 21 g/t Au, is one of the largest and richest Archean gold deposits in Canada. Gold mineralization is mainly associated with silicification and arsenopyrite that replace carbonate veins, breccias and wallrock selvages. The carbonate veins and breccias, which are composed of ankerite ± quartz and characterized by crustiform–cockade textures, were formed before and/or in the early stage of penetrative ductile deformation, whereas silicification, arsenopyrite replacement and gold mineralization were coeval with deformation. Microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy indicate that fluid inclusions in ankerite and associated quartz (Q1) and main ore-stage quartz (Q2) are predominantly carbonic, composed mainly of CO2, with minor CH4 and N2. Aqueous and aqueous–carbonic inclusions are extremely rare in both ankerite and quartz. H2O was not detected by laser Raman spectroscopic analyses of individual carbonic inclusions and by gas chromatographic analyses of bulk samples of ankerite and main ore-stage quartz (Q2). Fluid inclusions in post-mineralization quartz (Q3) are also mainly carbonic, but proportions of aqueous and aqueous–carbonic inclusions are present. Trace amounts of H2S were detected by laser Raman spectroscopy in some carbonic inclusions in Q2 and Q3, and by gas chromatographic analyses of bulk samples of ankerite and Q2. 3He/4He ratios of bulk fluid inclusions range from 0.008 to 0.016 Ra in samples of arsenopyrite and gold. Homogenization temperatures (T
h–CO2) of carbonic inclusions are highly variable (from −4.1 to +30.4°C; mostly to liquid, some to vapor), but the spreads within individual fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) are relatively small (within 0.5 to 10.3°C). Carbonic inclusions occur both in FIAs with narrow T
h–CO2 ranges and in those with relatively large T
h–CO2 variations. The predominance of carbonic fluid inclusions has been previously reported in a few other gold deposits, and its significance for gold metallogeny has been debated. Some authors have proposed that formation of the carbonic fluid inclusions and their predominance is due to post-trapping leakage of water from aqueous–carbonic inclusions (H2O leakage model), whereas others have proposed that they reflect preferential trapping of the CO2-dominated vapor in an immiscible aqueous–carbonic mixture (fluid unmixing model), or represent an unusually H2O-poor, CO2-dominated fluid (single carbonic fluid model). Based on the FIA analysis reported in this study, we argue that although post-trapping modifications and host mineral deformation may have altered the fluid inclusions in varying degrees, these processes were not solely responsible for the formation of the carbonic inclusions. The single carbonic fluid model best explains the extreme rarity of aqueous inclusions but lacks the support of experimental data that might indicate the viability of significant transport of silica and gold in a carbonic fluid. In contrast, the weakness of the unmixing model is that it lacks unequivocal petrographic evidence of phase separation. If the unmixing model were to be applied, the fluid prior to unmixing would have to be much more enriched in carbonic species and poorer in water than in most orogenic gold deposits in order to explain the predominance of carbonic inclusions. The H2O-poor, CO2-dominated fluid may have been the product of high-grade metamorphism or early degassing of magmatic intrusions, or could have resulted from the accumulation of vapor produced by phase separation external to the site of mineralization.Geological Survey of Canada contribution 2004383. 相似文献
5.
Zn2+浓度对固氮鱼腥藻(Anabaena azotica Ley)光能转化特性的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本实验对在不同Zn^2 浓度条件下培养的固氮鱼腥藻（Anabaena azotica Ley）的生长、光合放氧速率和叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm进行了测定。结果表明，当Zn^2 浓度为1.0μmol/L时，其比生长速率（Specifie growth rate）最大，光合放氧速率和Fv/Fm值最高，当Zn^2 浓度大于等于5.0μmol/L是会抑制A.azotica Ley的生长和光合作用，对在0μmol/L和5.0μmol/L Zn^2 发生反应的藻蓝蛋白溶液的可见光吸收光谱的分析，发现前者624nm处藻胆体的吸收峰和后者620nm处藻蓝蛋白的吸收峰都因Zn^2 的作用而下降，推测藻蓝蛋白为Zn^2 影响光合作用的位点之一，碳酸酐酶活性的测定表明Zn^2 的浓度水平会影响其活性大小，推测是Zn^2 影响光合作用的另一途径。 相似文献
6.
微生物促进碳酸盐矿化机理的研究对于全球碳循环和土壤的形成与演化等科学问题具有重要的意义。为了探究细菌胞外碳酸酐酶（CA）在碳酸盐矿化过程中所起的作用,本文采用硫酸铵析出蛋白质和Tris-H2SO4缓冲液溶解蛋白质的方法提取MF-2菌株分泌的胞外CA,将其添加于一水乙酸钙—胰蛋白胨（不含碳酸根）体系中并进行了120 h的化学实验。同时设置一组不含CA的对照实验。实验结束后用离心法将固相和液相分离。利用X-射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM/EDS）对沉淀物的矿物成分、元素组成和形态进行了研究,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）测定了溶液中的Ca2+浓度。实验结果表明:（1）在节杆菌属MF-2菌株胞外CA作用下形成了肉眼可见的沉淀物,其重量随着反应时间的延长而逐渐增大,而溶液中钙离子浓度随着反应时间的延长而逐渐降低。用双氧水（30%）处理的结果显示,碳酸盐矿物是沉淀物的主要组分。对照实验形成的沉淀物明显少于CA实验,而且其主要由有机物质组成。这充分地说明,MF-2菌株胞外CA可以显著地促进碳酸盐矿物沉淀。（2）在有胞外CA参与的实验早期（第48 h之前）,未形成任何结晶态物质;在实验的中后期,形成的矿物以方解石为主,含少量或不含球霰石。这明显不同于MF-2菌株的培养实验。在后一种情况下仅形成球霰石一种矿物。（3）胞外CA作用下形成的矿物形态包括菱面体形、球形和半球形,其中菱面体形矿物占主导地位。这也有别于MF-2菌株的培养实验（以球状和碗状为主）。对多张SEM照片进行的统计结果显示,菱面体形矿物所占比例有随着反应时间的延长而逐渐降低的趋势（即球形和半球形所占比例逐渐升高）,从第48 h的接近100%降低至第120 h的84%。（4）MF-2菌株胞外CA促进碳酸钙沉淀的主要机制是其加速CO2的水化反应,参与反应的CO2可能主要源于空气。 相似文献
7.
8.
条斑紫菜对无机碳的利用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
于１９９８年３月在青岛太平角采集条斑紫菜,在室内光照强度为１２０μＥ／（ｍ~２·ｓ）的培养架上培养,通过测定其光合作用引起密闭海水体系ｐＨ值及无机碳浓度的变化,借助于各种无机碳利用的抑制剂（Ａｚ、Ｖａｎ、ＤＩＤＳ、ＳＩＴＳ）对其无机碳利用机制进行了研究。结果表明,（１）条斑紫菜可间接吸收ＨＣＯ~（－）_（３）。胞外碳酸醉酶（ＣＡ）催化ＨＣＯ~（－）_（３）水解成ＣＯ_２扩散进入胞内是条斑紫菜无机碳利用的主要形式,占全部无机碳利用的７３％以上。Ａｚ是胞外ＣＡ的抑制剂,可直接检测胞外ＣＡ的存在,它不能透过细胞膜。（２）条斑紫菜可依赖于细胞膜上ＡＴＰ酶对ＨＣＯ~（－）_（３）直接转运。但未发现带Ⅲ蛋白（ｂａｎｄ ３ Ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ）及 Ｎａ~＋／ＨＣＯ_（３）~（－）协同转运系统的参与。（３）条斑紫菜ｐＨ值补偿点为９．８３,ＣＯ_２补偿点为０．０４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。 相似文献
9.
植物碳酸酐酶对稳定碳同位素分馏作用的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
吴沿友 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2008,27(2)
碳酸酐酶（CA）能够可逆地催化CO2和HCO2^-之间的快速转化。长久以来人们忽视了生物体中CA对稳定碳同位素分馏的影响。本文以微藻碳酸酐酶胞外酶为例,说明细胞的区室化和偶联反应可引起CA可逆催化HCO2^-和CO2的转化的不平衡,进而造成稳定碳同位素分馏,并给出体外实验和C4植物实验结果作为依据。此外,本文还讨论了CA对碳同位素分馏的影响的理论和实践意义。 相似文献
10.
Comparative study of dissolution rate-determining mechanisms of limestone and dolomite 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The dissolution rate-determining processes of carbonate rocks include: (1) heterogeneous reactions on rock surfaces; (2) mass transport of ions into solution from rock surfaces via diffusion; and (3) the conversion reaction of CO2 into H+ and HCO
3
−
. Generally, it is the slowest of these three processes that limits the dissolution rate of carbonate rock. However, from experiment and theoretical analysis under similar conditions not only were the initial dissolution rates of dolomite lower by a factor of 3–60 than those of limestone, but also there are different dissolution rate-determining mechanisms between limestone and dolomite. For example, for limestone under the condition of CO2 partial pressures
dissolution rates increased significantly by a factor of about ten after addition of carbonic anhydrase (CA) into solution, which catalysed the conversation reaction of CO2, whereas CA had little influence on dolomite dissolution. For dolomite, the increase of dissolution rate after addition of CA into solution appeared at
Moreover, the enhancement factor of CA on dolomite dissolution rate was much lower (by a factor of about 3). In addition, when dissolution of both limestone and dolomite was determined by hydrodynamics (rotation speed or flow speed), especially under
the dissolution of limestone was more sensitive to hydrodynamic change than that of dolomite. These findings are of significance in understanding the differences in karstification and relevant problems of resource and environment in dolomite and limestone areas. 相似文献