Estimation of the 3D correlation structure of an alluvial aquifer from surface-based multi-frequency ground-penetrating radar reflection data     

Zhiwei Xu  James Irving  Kyle Lindsay  John Bradford  Peimin Zhu  Klaus Holliger 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(2):678-689

Knowledge about the stochastic nature of heterogeneity in subsurface hydraulic properties is critical for aquifer characterization and the corresponding prediction of groundwater flow and contaminant transport. Whereas the vertical correlation structure of the heterogeneity is often well constrained by borehole information, the lateral correlation structure is generally unknown because the spacing between boreholes is too large to allow for its meaningful inference. There is, however, evidence to suggest that information on the lateral correlation structure may be extracted from the correlation statistics of the subsurface reflectivity structure imaged by surface-based ground-penetrating radar measurements. To date, case studies involving this approach have been limited to 2D profiles acquired at a single antenna centre frequency in areas with limited complementary information. As a result, the practical reliability of this methodology has been difficult to assess. Here, we extend previous work to 3D and consider reflection ground-penetrating radar data acquired using two antenna centre frequencies at the extensively explored and well-constrained Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site. We find that the results obtained using the two ground-penetrating radar frequencies are consistent with each other, as well as with information from a number of other studies at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site. In addition, contrary to previous 2D work, our results indicate that the surface-based reflection ground-penetrating radar data are not only sensitive to the aspect ratio of the underlying heterogeneity, but also, albeit to a lesser extent, to the so-called Hurst number, which is a key parameter characterizing the local variability of the fine-scale structure.  相似文献   

基于时相变化的晴空条件下Himawari-8 AHI火点检测     

鄢俊洁  瞿建华  冉茂农  张芳芳 《遥感学报》2020,24(5):571-577

Himawari-8静止气象卫星具有高空间分辨率、高观测频次和高时效特点,对于火点检测具有很强优势。对Himawari-8卫星的3.9μm和11.2μm两通道亮温进行了连续时相变化研究,得出两通道的亮温在时间上的变化差值稳定且规律明显。根据两通道的亮温时相特征,考虑白天可见光对3.9μm通道的影响,并结合火点产生时引起的亮温变化特征,提出了适用于晴空条件下改进的火点检测算法。在多处进行了此算法的实验,例如2018-11-27 T 16:40(UTC时)河北张家口市桥东区一化工厂附近发生的严重爆炸起火事件以及2019-02-28澳大利亚西南部发生的火灾事件,均快速有效的检测到了火点。实验表明,改进的火点检测算法能很好的进行火点检测,并能解决晨昏交界、冰雪下垫面、常规火源点、太阳耀光等火点检测的难题。  相似文献   

生物土壤结皮对风沙土和黄绵土膨胀特性的影响     

王国鹏  肖波  李胜龙  姚小萌  孙福海 《中国沙漠》2020,40(1):97-104

作为重要的土壤物理性质，膨胀性在影响土壤导水性、持水性、抗蚀性以及土壤结构的形成和发育等方面发挥着重要作用。为了探讨生物土壤结皮（BSCs）土壤的膨胀特性及其主要影响因素，针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土两种典型土壤，利用膨胀仪测定并比较了有、无藓结皮及其在不同因素（初始含水量、干湿循环、冻融循环、温度）下膨胀率的差异，分析了BSCs对土壤膨胀性的影响及其与环境因素和BSCs性质的关系。结果显示：风沙土上藓结皮的膨胀率为1.93%，较无结皮增加了8.65倍；而黄绵土上藓结皮的膨胀率为2.05%，与无结皮相比降低了76.68%。藓结皮的生物量和厚度与其膨胀率在风沙土上均呈线性正相关关系（P < 0.05），在黄绵土上分别呈二次函数（P=0.02）和线性正相关关系（P=0.02）。初始含水量同时影响了土壤最大膨胀率和稳定膨胀时间，影响程度风沙土远大于黄绵土（包括藓结皮和无结皮）；干湿循环次数对无结皮土壤膨胀率的影响程度大于藓结皮土壤，其中风沙土和黄绵土上无结皮的膨胀率分别是50.00%~620.00%和-2.28%~10.81%，而两种土壤上藓结皮的膨胀率分别是-5.70%~10.88%和-10.24%~-21.46%；冻融循环下4种土壤的膨胀率均有不同程度的降低，降幅为0~18.54%。黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率受温度影响程度较大，50℃下黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率分别是25℃和35℃下的1.17倍和1.21倍。BSCs显著地改变了风沙土和黄绵土表层的膨胀性，其影响的程度和方向取决于土壤类型。同时，BSCs的膨胀性受含水量、温度、干湿以及冻融循环等关键因素影响。  相似文献   

Simulations of the Impact of Lakes on Local and Regional Climate Over the Tibetan Plateau     

Lingjing Zhu  Xin Liu  Lei Tian  Qunhui Zhang 《大气与海洋》2018,56(4):230-239

ABSTRACT

Because of the high elevation and complex topography of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the role of lakes in the climate system over the Tibetan Plateau is not well understood. For this study, we investigated the impact of lake processes on local and regional climate using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which includes a one-dimensional physically based lake model. The first simulation with the WRF model was performed for the TP over the 2000–2010 period, and the second was carried out during the same period but with the lakes filled with nearby land-use types. Results with the lake simulation show that the model captures the spatial and temporal patterns of annual mean precipitation and temperature well over the TP. Through comparison of the two simulations, we found that the TP lakes mainly cool the near-surface air, inducing a decreasing sensible heat flux for the entire year. Meanwhile, stronger evaporation produced by the lakes is found in the fall. During the summer, the cooling effect of the lakes decreases precipitation in the surrounding area and generates anomalous circulation patterns. In conclusion, the TP lakes cool the near-surface atmosphere most of the time, weaken the sensible heat flux, and strengthen the latent heat flux, resulting in changes in mesoscale precipitation and regional-scale circulation.  相似文献   

不同顶管组合方式的管幕冻结温度场模型试验   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

段寅  荣传新  程桦  蔡海兵  解德柱  丁杨龙 《冰川冻土》2020,42(2):479-490

拱北隧道作为港珠澳大桥珠海连接线的关键性工程， 在国内外首次成功运用了管幕冻结技术。以此为背景， 为更加全面地掌握饱和软土地层中管幕冻结温度场的分布特点， 开展了不同顶管组合方式下的管幕冻结温度场模型试验研究。试验结果表明： 各测点温度曲线在积极冻结期前4 h急剧下降， 随后逐渐减缓， 降至砂土冰点后趋于平稳， 三种布管方式均满足冻结设计要求； 冻结管中低温盐水提供的冷量首先传递给顶管管壁， 再以“面”的形式均匀地传递给周围土体； 积极冻结21 h后， 采用四根空顶管组合的C区冻结壁竖向范围最大， 空管管壁正上方冻结壁平均厚度约为105 mm， 在满足管幕刚度设计要求的前提下， 可采此布管方式以达到快速形成冻结帷幕的目的。限位管开启后的4 h内， 实顶管中线垂直距离100 mm范围内测点温度曲线虽有明显回升但仍维持在冻土冰点以下， 超出此范围后温度变化影响逐渐减弱， 且顶管间冻结壁稳定存在， 表明限位管在满足管间有效封水的条件下， 能在一定范围内起到定向限制地层冻胀的作用。优化后的双圆形冻结管在满足冻结设计要求的同时， 更加便于安装且经济环保。  相似文献   

甘肃陇中黄土高原农业灌溉耗水系数监测试验研究     

凡炳文  仲复捷 《地下水》2020,(1):83-87,254

选择甘肃省临洮县洮惠渠灌区为试验研究区,通过直接观读、自动监测等技术手段,获取试验灌区的引水量、退水量、土壤墒情、降水量及蒸发量等水文基础数据。以水文监测基础数据为依据,采用引排差法、水分平衡法等相结合的方法,开展了农业灌溉耗水系数试验研究。初步试验结果表明:试验灌区灌溉期平均耗水系数为0. 730,典型地块灌溉期平均耗水系数为0. 671,2016年试验灌区降水量较常年偏少13. 0%~26. 3%,总体上属轻度干旱年份。该研究成果可为甘肃陇中黄土高原区水资源管理提供技术支撑。  相似文献   

基于IceBridge数据的南极别林斯高晋海的海冰厚度研究     

张建  杨元德  杨全明  汪楚涯 《冰川冻土》2020,42(2):295-306

海冰变化与全球气候、 生态系统和人类活动密切相关， 海冰厚度是海冰变化研究的重要参数之一。全面立体高精度观测海冰厚度的最有效手段是航空遥感， 而冰桥计划（IceBridge）是当前南北极最大的航空遥感工程。基于2009 - 2014年冰桥计划的激光雷达高程数据和数字测图系统相机光学影像对南极别林斯高晋海的海冰厚度进行研究， 并结合降雪量等气象数据探讨该区域海冰厚度变化的原因。研究发现该海域的海冰厚度在2009 - 2014年间整体呈微弱增长趋势（0.07 m·a^-1）， 但是在95%置信水平下不具有显著性。2009 - 2011年呈现先增加后减少的大幅度变化， 其中2010年达到极大值2.42 m， 之后开始缓慢增加。海冰厚度的年际变化与降雪和近地表温度等气象要素相关， 二者相比较而言降雪为主要影响因素。  相似文献   

Cryospheric Changes and Their Impacts on Water Resources in the Belt and Road Regions     

Shichang Kang  Wanqin Guo  Tonghua Wu  Xinyue Zhong  Rensheng Chen  Min Xu  Jinlei Chen  Ruimin Yang 《地球科学进展》2020,35(1):1-17

“Belt and Road” regions include Asia, Europe and eastern and northern Africa, with a wide spatial distribution. The cryosphere is undergoing rapid changes in the Belt and Road regions with global warming, and has an important impact on water resources, ecosystems and Arctic waterways in these regions. This article reviewed recent cryospheric changes and associated impacts on water resources in the Belt and Road regions during the last decades. The main cognitions are as follows: \mathrm{①} Most glaciers are shrinking and glacier mass balances are most negative, but there are regional differences in the changes of glaciers. \mathrm{②} Global temperature rise has resulted in permafrost degradation, including a rise in permafrost temperature and decreasing permafrost thickness as well as an increase in active layer thickness. \mathrm{③} There is a significant decrease in snow cover extent and an increase in snow depth. Snow cover duration has shortened, the onset of snow cover has delayed, and the end of snow cover has advanced. However, there are still obvious regional differences in the changes of snow cover. \mathrm{④} Arctic sea ice has declined precipitously in both extent and thickness in summer, and multi-year sea ice has decreased，indicating the precipitous retreat of sea ice. The freeze-up date of some lakes has been delayed, the break-up date has advanced, and the ice cover duration of river/lake ice has significantly shortened. \mathrm{⑤} Glacial runoff has increased significantly in China. Snowmelt and permafrost degradation have also increased the basin runoff, which indicates the important impact of cryospheric changes on runoff. This study will provide a baseline and important scientific support for addressing climate change and regional sustainable development.  相似文献   

Experimental study on a sampling technique based on a freeze-sediments valve for deep-sea microorganism     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

Deep-sea microorganism research has become a hot topic in life science, owing to its special value in high pressure and low temperature environment. If not kept the in-situ low temperature and high pressure, it will cause the microorganism to lose its activity and lead to a waste of resources. A freeze-sediments valve presents a promising solution to maintain the low temperature and high pressure in situ, improve the success rate of sampling and shorten the sampling time. A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the freeze-sediments valve, including the sampling time without leakage, adaptation to different sediments and the effect of the length, etc. Most important of all, temperature change of sediments is observed in all experiments. Experimental results indicated that the freeze-sediments valve was formed in 5 min without leakage and the freeze-sediments valve could be applied to different sediments without limitations on sediments type and mineral content. Considering the pressure retaining capacity and formation time of freeze-sediments valve, it was found that the freeze-sediments valve with a length of 60–80 mm has good pressure retaining capacity whose value was 41.3–48.4 Mpa and short formation time which was 5 min. Precooling the sampler could be used to shorten the sampling time in the actual environment application. This sampling technique can play a vital role in maintaining in-situ low temperature at −2 to −4 ° Celsius in all the experiments. According to the tests, the sampling technique based on the freeze-sediments valve had the potential to solve the problem of keeping in-situ temperature, low sampling success rate and long sampling time in the future.  相似文献   

北半球热带中太平洋与印度洋海表温度梯度对夏季西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数变化的影响     

方珂  余锦华 《热带海洋学报》2019,38(5):42-51

基于1951—2018年哈德里中心海温资料、美国气象环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心再分析资料和第四代欧洲中心汉堡模式, 针对1994年、2018年等西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)生成异常多的年份, 研究了引起TC增加的海表温度异常(SSTA)模态及其影响机制。结果表明, 北半球热带中太平洋增暖与印度洋变冷是夏季西北太平洋TC生成频数增加的主要原因, 北大西洋负三极型式SSTA促使TC生成的进一步增加。热带中太平洋增暖与印度洋冷却在菲律宾以东激发出西风异常和气旋性环流异常。北大西洋负三极型式SSTA在我国南海、菲律宾至东南沿岸激发出气旋性环流异常。前者在西北太平洋中部, 后者在南海产生有利于TC生成的局地环境。1994年和2018年夏季热带中太平洋出现暖SSTA、印度洋为冷SSTA、北大西洋呈现负三极型式SSTA, 西北太平洋TC生成频数极端增多。近30年来, 当出现热带中太平洋增暖和印度洋冷却时, 北大西洋表现出比1989年以前更强的负三极型式SSTA, 使西北太平洋TC生成频数和北半球热带印度洋-太平洋SSTA梯度的线性相关更显著。  相似文献