Application of Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether Lipids in Paleoenvironment Reconstruction of Loess Deposits: A Review of Recent Progresses     

Shaohua Tian  Guoqiao Xiao  Huan Yang 《地球科学进展》2020,35(5):465-477

The Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers (GDGTs) occur ubiquitously in a wide range of environments, such as loess, peat, lake, soil, and ocean, which vary compositionally in response to environmental changes, and provide a series of biomarker proxies for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper introduced the structures and biological sources of GDGTs, and reviewed the recent progresses of the application of the GDGTs proxies in the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of loess deposits. The main progresses include: \mathrm{①} The GDGTs proxies have been widely used in reconstructing the climate changes in loess deposits, and have established the temperature changes of last 800 ka for the Chinese Loess Plateau; \mathrm{②}Temperature variations in Chinese Loess Plateau displayed significant correlation with the Northern Hemisphere insolation, which may be also regulated by the surface vegetation conditions; and \mathrm{③} In the Chinese Loess Plateau, the increase in monsoon precipitation during the last deglaciation significantly lagged behind the rise of temperature. However, problems still exist in the current studies. For instance, the GDGTs-based temperature is likely overestimated, probably reflecting the temperature of warm season, and relationships between GDGT indices and climate factors are still unclear. In the future, the development of new proxies and more accurate regional calibrations based on the separation of 6- methyl GDGTs are expected to provide more reliable paleoenvironmental information, and will provide essential evidence for the evolution of hydrothermal pattern and mechanisms behind climate changes in different regions.  相似文献   

Undrained lower bound solutions for end bearing capacity of shallow circular piles in non-homogeneous and anisotropic clays     

Boonchai Ukritchon  Suraparb Keawsawasvong 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(5):596-632

The undrained bearing capacity of shallow circular piles in non-homogeneous and anisotropic clay is investigated by the lower bound (LB) finite element limit analysis (FELA) under two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric condition using second-order cone programming, and the new solution of the problem is presented. Modified from the isotropic von Mises yield criterion, a cross-anisotropic undrained strength criterion of clays under the axisymmetric state of stress requiring three input shear strengths in triaxial compression, direct simple shear, and triaxial extension is employed in the 2D axisymmetric LB FELA. Parametric studies on the effects of pile embedment ratio, dimensionless strength gradient, anisotropic strength ratio, and pile roughness are investigated extensively, while the predicted failure mechanisms associated with these parameters are discussed and compared. Numerical results of undrained end bearing capacity of shallow circular piles are summarized in the form of design tables that are useful for design practice and represent a new contribution to the field of pile capacity considering the combined effects of undrained strength non-homogeneity and anisotropy.  相似文献   

A New Reference Material for Tritium Organic Molecules in Sediment: Results of an International Intercomparison Exercise          下载免费PDF全文

Phillip E. Warwick  Ian W. Croudace  Richard M. Marsh  Nicolas Baglan  Sang Bog Kim 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2018,42(2):253-262

Solid matrix ³H reference materials are challenging to prepare given the volatile nature of ³H and are often unrepresentative of the range of ³H forms that may be encountered during routine analysis. As a result, few ³H reference materials are currently available, undermining verification of analytical techniques for environmental ³H measurement. To address this, an International Working Group on Organically‐Bound Tritium Analysis determined to produce a tritium natural matrix reference material (NMRM). The reference material comprises marine sediment blended with sewage sludge contaminated with ³H‐organic species arising from authorised discharges from a radiopharmaceutical manufacturing site. Previous studies have demonstrated that the ³H species have persisted in the environment over three decades providing valuable supporting data to underpin the characterisation of the NMRM. The preparation and characterisation of the NMRM are described along with the subsequent application of the reference material in an international intercomparison exercise involving nineteen laboratories from nine countries. A reference value of 168 ± 22 Bq kg^?1 was derived from the data arising from the proficiency test.  相似文献   

裂隙黄土边坡三维稳定性极限分析     

朱学亮  邵生俊  沈晓钧  邵帅  刘小康 《岩土力学》2022,43(10):2735-2743

黄土边坡中竖直裂隙的发育往往会对边坡稳定产生影响。相对于平面应变机制,建立三维破坏机制下边坡稳定性分析方法更能接近实际边坡失稳情况。基于塑性极限分析上限法,考虑预先存在竖直裂隙的三维黄土边坡不同破坏机制（坡面破坏、坡脚破坏和坡底破坏）,建立能量平衡方程及其无量纲临界高度值γH/c表达式,采用随机搜索法得到了临界高度的上限解。分析了约束宽度、边坡坡度、内摩擦角以及裂隙深度对三维竖直裂隙黄土边坡临界高度值的影响。结果表明：对于坡脚破坏机制,临界高度值随着裂隙深度的增加而减小,减小至临界裂隙深度 (δ /H)_min后,裂隙深度的增加不再影响临界高度值;临界裂隙深度随着坡度β 的增大而增大,随着内摩擦角φ 的增大而减小。当约束宽度B/H<0.8时,大多数破坏机制为坡面破坏。当约束宽度B/H=0.8、内摩擦角φ =10° 及约束宽度B/H=0.6、内摩擦角φ =15° 时,边坡的破坏从坡面破坏机制逐渐过渡到坡脚破坏机制。存在竖直裂隙的黄土边坡比完整边坡具有更小的临界高度,约束宽度及内摩擦角会对三维黄土边坡破坏机制产生影响。  相似文献   

Retaining wall optimization using interior search algorithm with different bound constraint handling          下载免费PDF全文

A.H. Gandomi  A.R. Kashani  F. Zeighami 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2017,41(11):1304-1331

Along with the applicability of optimization algorithms, there are lots of features that can affect the functioning of the optimization techniques. The main purpose of this paper is investigating the significance of boundary constraint handling (BCH) schemes on the performance of optimization algorithms. To this end, numbers of deterministic and probabilistic BCH approaches are applied to one of the most recent proposed optimization techniques, named interior search algorithm (ISA). Apart from the implementing different BCH methods, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to find an appropriate setting for the only parameter of ISA. Concrete cantilever retaining wall design as one of the most important geotechnical problems is tackled to declare proficiency of the ISA algorithm, on the one hand, and benchmark the effect of BCH schemes on the final results, on the contrary. As results demonstrate, various BCH approaches have a perceptible impact on the algorithm performance. In like manner, the essential parameter of ISA can also play a pivotal role in this algorithm's efficiency. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

非均质地基中平面应变隧道开挖面稳定上限分析     

宋春霞  黄茂松  吕玺琳 《岩土力学》2011,32(9):2645-2650

非均质是软黏土地基中比较普遍的现象,而目前隧道开挖面稳定研究中比较成熟的理论主要是针对均质土体。因此,从塑性极限分析上限法的基本原理出发,采用平面应变隧道刚体平动破坏模式(多块体上限法),考虑软黏土地基的非均质性,推导了平面应变隧道极限支护压力关于隧道埋深、土体重度及土体强度的上限公式。通过与其他方法的比较分析,证明了极限分析方法在隧道开挖面稳定性方面的可行性;利用该方法的计算结果详细探讨了隧道开挖面稳定的影响因素;而且由计算结果可知,地基土的非均质性在影响隧道开挖面极限支护压力的同时,也影响着隧道开挖破坏面的位置和形状,为工程实践提供重要的理论依据。  相似文献   

浙江南部近海沉积物柱状样中脂类生物标志物的组成及形态分布     

王江涛  杨庶  谭丽菊  胡佶 《海洋学报》2011,33(5):83-90

分析了浙江南部近海(东海陆架泥质区)沉积物柱状样中游离态和碱不稳定结合态脂类生物标志物的组成.沉积物中的脂肪酸呈现以C16脂肪酸为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,具明显偶碳优势,除表层沉积物中脂肪酸以游离态为主外,结合态为柱状样中脂肪酸的主要存在形态,脂肪酸的垂直分布主要由降解作用控制;以甾醇和脂肪醇为主体的醇酮组分主要以游离态...  相似文献   

遗传算法求解最大预报误差的可行性研究     

郑琴  张露  戴毅  陆小庆 《南京气象学院学报》2011,34(5):529-537

利用条件非线性最优扰动（conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation,CNOP）可以实现最大预报误差的上界估计。CNOP通常由基于梯度信息的约束优化算法进行求解,且其中的梯度信息由伴随模式提供。然而当非线性模式中含不连续＂开关＂时,传统伴随方法不能为优化过程提供正确的梯度方向,从而导致优化失败。为此,采用自适应变异和混合交叉的遗传算法,联赛选择机制和小生境技术的约束处理方法来求解最大预报误差上界。为检验新方法的有效性,以修改的Lorenz模型作为预报模式,对3个初始态分别用新方法和传统伴随方法进行比较,数值试验结果显示新方法求解出的最大预报误差的上界更加精确。  相似文献   

Bearing capacity of strip foundations reinforced with geogrid sheets by using upper bound finite‐element limit analysis     

Jyant Kumar  Jagdish Prasad Sahoo 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(18):3258-3277

By using the upper bound finite‐elements limit analysis, with an inclusion of single and two horizontal layers of reinforcements, the ultimate bearing capacity has been computed for a rigid strip footing placed over (i) fully granular, (ii) cohesive‐frictional, and (iii) fully cohesive soils. It is assumed that (i) the reinforcements are structurally strong so that no axial tension failure can occur, (ii) the reinforcement sheets have negligible resistance to bending, and (iii) the shear failure can take place between the reinforcement and soil mass. It is expected that the different approximations on which the analysis has been based would generally remain applicable for reinforcements in the form of geogrid sheets. A method has been proposed to incorporate the effect of the reinforcement in the analysis. The efficiency factors, η_c and η_γ, to be multiplied with N_c and N_γ , for finding the bearing capacity of reinforced foundations, have been established. The results have been obtained (i) for different values of ? in case of fully granular and cohesive‐frictional soils, and (ii) for different rates at which the cohesion increases with depth for a fully cohesive soil. The optimum positions of the reinforcements' layers have also been determined. The effect of the reinforcements' length on the results has also been analyzed. As compared to cohesive soils, the granular soils, especially with higher values of ?, cause a much greater increase in the bearing capacity. The results compare reasonably well with the available theoretical and experimental data from literature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A 2000‐year lipid biomarker record preserved in a stalagmite from north‐west Scotland     

Alison J. Blyth  Andy Baker  Louise E. Thomas  Peter Van Calsteren 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(3):326-334

Previous studies on lipid biomarkers preserved in Chinese stalagmites have indicated that ratios of low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) to high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) n‐alkanes, n‐alkan‐2‐ones, n‐alkanols and n‐alkanoic acids can be used as an index of vegetation versus microbial organic matter input to the system and, by extension, a marker of climatic changes, with increases in the proportion of LMW compounds coinciding with colder periods. Here we test whether this hypothesis is equally applicable to a different geographical region (north‐west Scotland), by examining a stalagmite record of the past 200 years, and a wider range of lipid markers. We also test the applicability of other lipid proxies in this context, including the use of n‐alkane ratios, to interpret vegetation changes, and unsaturated alkanoic acid ratios as climatic indicators. The results show that lipid proxies preserved in stalagmites, and especially those related to vegetation, are potentially extremely useful in palaeoenvironmental research. Of particular value is the use of C₂₇/C₃₁ n‐alkane ratios as a proxy for vegetation change, clearly indicating variations between herbaceous and arboreal cover. This proxy has now been successfully applied to samples from diverse environments, and can be considered sufficiently robust to be of use in analysing future stalagmite records. It will be of particular value in areas where reliable pollen records are not available, as is often the case with deeper cave deposits. However, the division between LMW and HMW aliphatic compounds is not a clear‐cut case of microbial versus plant activity, with the changes in LMW compounds relating more closely to those in their HMW analogues than in specific bacterial biomarkers. The use of unsaturated alkanoic acid ratios here gives conflicting results, with the observed variation through time depending on the isomer measured. The discrepancies between the findings of this study and previous work are likely to be due to the varying controls on the lipids (original organic matter input, and compound degradation), which in turn will be affected by whether the main climatic limiting factor on the soil is temperature or precipitation. This suggests that lipid proxies preserved in stalagmites must be interpreted with care, particularly in the case of bacterial compounds which may be derived from within the cave or from the soil. However, many of these issues can be resolved by the use of multi‐proxy studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献