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Pichel WG Veenstra TS Churnside JH Arabini E Friedman KS Foley DG Brainard RE Kiefer D Ogle S Clemente-Colón P Li X 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,65(1-3):28-41
Marine debris, particularly debris that is composed of lost or abandoned fishing gear, is recognized as a serious threat to marine life, vessels, and coral reefs. The goal of the GhostNet project is the detection of derelict nets at sea through the use of weather and ocean models, drifting buoys and satellite imagery to locate convergent areas where nets are likely to collect, followed by airborne surveys with trained observers and remote sensing instruments to spot individual derelict nets. These components of GhostNet were first tested together in the field during a 14-day marine debris survey of the Gulf of Alaska in July and August 2003. Model, buoy, and satellite data were used in flight planning. A manned aircraft survey with visible and IR cameras and a LIDAR instrument located debris in the targeted locations, including 102 individual pieces of debris of anthropogenic or terrestrial origin. 相似文献
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Pichel WG Churnside JH Veenstra TS Foley DG Friedman KS Brainard RE Nicoll JB Zheng Q Clemente-Colón P 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(8):1207-1211
Floating marine debris, particularly derelict fishing gear, is a hazard to fish, marine mammals, turtles, sea birds, coral reefs, and even human activities. To ameliorate the economic and environmental impact of marine debris, we need to efficiently locate and retrieve dangerous debris at sea. Guided by satellite-derived information, we made four flights north of Hawaii in March and April 2005. During these aerial surveys, we observed over 1800 individual pieces of debris, including 122 derelict fishing nets. The largest debris concentrations were found just north of the North Pacific Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF) within the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone (STCZ). Debris densities were significantly correlated with sea-surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla), and the gradient of Chla. A Debris Estimated Likelihood Index (DELI) was developed to predict where high concentrations of debris would be most likely in the North Pacific during spring and early summer. 相似文献
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Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: an examination of rates and processes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Large amounts of derelict fishing gear accumulate and cause damage to shallow coral reefs of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). To facilitate maintenance of reefs cleaned during 1996-2005 removal efforts, we identify likely high-density debris areas by assessing reef characteristics (depth, benthic habitat type, and energy regime) that influence sub-regional debris accumulation. Previously cleaned backreef and lagoonal reefs at two NWHI locations were resurveyed for accumulated debris using two survey methods. Accumulated debris densities and weights were found to be greater in lagoonal reef areas. Sample weight-based debris densities are extrapolated to similar habitats throughout the NWHI using a spatial 'net habitat' dataset created by generalizing IKONOS satellite derivatives for depth and habitat classification. Prediction accuracy for this dataset is tested using historical debris point data. Annual NWHI debris accumulation is estimated to be 52.0 metric tonnes. For planning purposes, individual NWHI atolls/reefs are allotted a proportion of this total. 相似文献
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Bessette R.R. Harwood D.F. Brainard E.C. II 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1988,13(3):140-143
The initial response pattern for a conventional two-electrode, membrane-type dissolved-oxygen probe connected to an ENDECO model 1125 dissolved-oxygen sensor controller is presented. The controller implements a chronoamperometric technique and involves application of the polarizing potential as a pulse. The pulse duration confines the diffusion boundary within the internal electrolyte and the membrane. The time required for readout stabilization is attributed to the establishment of an equilibrium involving diffusion of reactant and product of the electrochemical reaction. A procedure for minimizing the role of membrane stretch in establishing the equilibrium time is discussed. Data obtained on changing the pulse repetition interval are presented in support of the establishment of an equilibrium condition. Sensor response over a 32-day period is noted. Calibration curve data demonstrate the linearity of response with varying oxygen concentrations. Response time data indicate attainment of better than 99% of full deflection within three minutes of a change in oxygen concentration 相似文献
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Julii Brainard Andrew Lovett Julian Parfitt 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):831-849
Abstract The transport phase is an often neglected element in the risk assessment of non-nuclear hazardous waste life cycles. Data on special and hazardous waste movements are difficult to acquire, but information collected by the London Waste Regulation Authority during the 1980s gives details of waste consignments from cradle to grave, including U.K. grid references for waste producer and disposal sites. A GIS was used to model the routing of aqueous waste cargoes and assess the potential impacts of such movements. Deficiencies in the consignment records required many assumptions to be made and various scenarios were explored. Roads predicted to see passage of these wastes, together with the estimated levels of tanker traffic, were integrated with the distribution of population, groundwater vulnerability and accident probabilities to evaluate the transportation risks for different localities. Comparisons and evaluations of the implications of different routing scenarios across the study region were made. 相似文献
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