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Evolution of the Magma Chamber beneath Usu Volcano since 1663: a Natural Laboratory for Observing Changing Phenocryst Compositions and Textures 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
We have investigated the evolution of an active silicic magma-feedingsystem beneath Usu volcano, Japan, where eight eruptions havebeen recorded since AD 1663. All magmatic products contain similartypes of plagioclase and orthopyroxene phenocrysts that consistof homogeneous cores with uniform compositions, and a zonedmantle that increases in size with time. The compositions ofplagioclase and orthopyroxene phenocrysts vary gradually andregularly with time, as do the bulk-rock compositions. The textureof these phenocrysts also changes systematically, caused byprogressive crystal growth, dissolution and diffusion. On thebasis of these observations, we conclude that the same magma-feedingsystem has persisted at Usu volcano since AD 1663. Compositionalvariation of magnetite phenocrysts differs from that of plagioclaseand orthopyroxene, because magnetite has large diffusion coefficientsand should represent magmatic conditions immediately beforethe eruption. Most pumices from Usu volcano contain two typesof magnetite phenocryst, each with a different composition andcrystallization temperature, indicating that two magmas mixedbefore each eruption (approximately several days before). Theend-members changed with time: rhyolite + basaltic andesite(1663); dacite ± rhyolite (1769, 1822, 1853); dacite± dacite (1977, 2000). The temperature of the magma apparentlyincreases with time, and the increase can be explained by sequentialtapping from a magma chamber with a thermal and chemical gradientin addition to injection of high-temperature magma. KEY WORDS: continuous existence of magma chamber; dacite; dissolution and diffusion of phenocrysts; magma mixing; magnetite 相似文献
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Palaeo-Tokyo Bay is a relic of the Plio-Pleistocene Kazusa forearc basin in the Boso Peninsula of Japan. The sedimentary infill of palaeo-Tokyo Bay is characterized by shallow marine to paralic sediments of the middle to upper Pleistocene Shimosa Group. Sequence stratigraphical analysis has been used to describe spatial and temporal variations in the depositional systems of the lowest units of the Shimosa Group, deposited during the early stage of development of palaeo-Tokyo Bay. Three different type of depositional systems were recognized: sand ridge to shelf (SRS), shelf to delta (SDL) and shelf to non-deltaic nearshore (SNS) systems. They overlie early transgressive estuarine deposits infilling lowstand valleys incised in the south-eastern margin of palaeo-Tokyo Bay. These systems were developed during late transgressive through highstand stages of a relative sea level cycle, which may have been controlled by a glacio-eustatic sea level change at about 0·4 Ma. Spatial variation in depositional systems is largely identical to that in modern Tokyo Bay; environmental conditions similar to those prevailing at the present day probably characterized the early history of palaeo-Tokyo Bay. The timing of highstand systems tracts within a high frequency depositional sequence was analysed in terms of the effect of sedimentation rate, based on the mapping of a chronostratigraphical surface marked by the Hy4 volcanic ash layer. From spatial variations in sedimentation rate, it was possible to identify the diachronous evolution of highstand systems tracts from the SDL system, through the SNS system, to the SRS system. Time lag is indicated by major bounding surfaces, such as maximum flooding or downlap surfaces associated with a condensed section, which developed immediately above or below the Hy4 volcanic ash layer. The lag may be of the order of a few thousands to tens of thousands of years within a depositional sequence with a total of duration of about 100 000 years. 相似文献
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Keiko NAKAMURA‐MESSENGER Lindsay P. KELLER Simon J. CLEMETT Scott MESSENGER Motoo ITO 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2011,46(7):1033-1051
Abstract– We have developed new sample preparation and analytical techniques tailored for entire aerogel tracks of Wild 2 sample analyses both on “carrot” and “bulbous” tracks. We have successfully ultramicrotomed an entire track along its axis while preserving its original shape. This innovation allowed us to examine the distribution of fragments along the entire track from the entrance hole all the way to the terminal particle. The crystalline silicates we measured have Mg‐rich compositions and O isotopic compositions in the range of meteoritic materials, implying that they originated in the inner solar system. The terminal particle of the carrot track is a 16O‐rich forsteritic grain that may have formed in a similar environment as Ca‐, Al‐rich inclusions and amoeboid olivine aggregates in primitive carbonaceous chondrites. The track also contains submicron‐sized diamond grains likely formed in the solar system. Complex aromatic hydrocarbons distributed along aerogel tracks and in terminal particles. These organics are likely cometary but affected by shock heating. 相似文献
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Techniques and methods of arsenic contaminated groundwater exploration in the Hetao plain of Inner Mongolia,China 
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下载免费PDF全文 Toshiaki ITO Fumio KANAI Kazuro BANDO Research group for arsenic contamination of groundwater in Inner Mongoli Asia Arsenic Network Research Group for Applied Geology 《中国地质》2010,37(3):730-740
1990年报道了在中国内蒙古河套平原由于饮用污染的地下水而患砷中毒的病例.估计目前内蒙受到砷中毒影响的居民已超过41万人.从1997年至2004年,在长达8年的时间里,我们进行了水文地质调查、地质调查和医学调查,并装置了管道输送的供水系统.这些调查揭示了河套平原地下水受砷污染的机理:由于被吸收的砷释放进入地下水,蓄水层中不断加强的还原环境造成铁氢氧化物的溶解.为了防止砷中毒病人数量的进一步增加,停止饮用污染过的水和供应安全的饮用水是重要的.我们需要根据当地的地质和水文地质条件来了解砷污染的机理. 相似文献
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针对黏性土淋洗效率低下问题,提出了人工冻结法协同竖井淋洗原位修复污染土壤的方法.通过垂直布设冻结板,水平冻结土体的竖井淋洗模型试验,研究冻结过程中土中温度场、水分场分布及融解期的排水方式,探讨了人工冻结法协同竖井淋洗原位修复污染黏性土的可行性.研究表明:利用人工冻结法,使未冻土侧水分或淋洗液在"冻吸力"作用下向冻结锋面迁移,然后利用塑料排水板完成融化水(淋出液)与土壤分离的方案可行,能够解决抽液过程中抽液井和注液井之间土体容易形成渗流通道出现优先流,导致淋洗效率低下的问题.在分步冻结模式下,未冻土侧水分在"冻吸力"作用下向冻土侧迁移,冻结-吸水量为22.78 L,融化-排水量为24.60 L;经历一次冻融循环后,相同冻结模式下冻结-吸水量达到30.40 L,在负压抽吸模式下排水量达到44.21 L.该研究结果为今后原位修复污染黏性土提供了新的思路. 相似文献
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Abstract: Advanced techniques are examined to observe microstructure of rocks using image analysis combined with methods such as the fluorescent approach and the application of optical characteristics of minerals. Analyzed are discrimination of grains in rocks, distribution patterns of grain orientation in sandstone, changes of grain shape as weathering advances and distribution patterns of microcracks in granite. In Shirahama sandstone, relatively large and flat grains are orientated parallel to the bedding on the plane perpendicular to the bedding, while grains on the plane parallel to the bedding show random patterns. In weathered granite, it is clarified that the grain surface becomes complex as weathering advances and differences among three major mineral species are identified. In Inada granite, intracrystalline cracks predominate over intercrystalline cracks and grain boundary cracks both in total length and number. Furthermore, three types of microcracks show different orientations; the intercrystalline cracks show a dominant orientation which coincides with the orientation of the rift plane, the easiest plane to split, while the intracrystalline cracks and grain boundary cracks show no preferred orientation. 相似文献
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SHOICHI KIYOKAWA TAKASHI ITO MINORU IKEHARA KOSEI E. YAMAGUCHI SHOICHIRO KOGE RYO SAKAMOTO 《Island Arc》2012,21(2):118-147
The Dixon Island Formation of the coastal Pilbara Terrane, Western Australia is a 3.2 Ga volcanic–sedimentary sequence influenced by syndepositional hydrothermal activity formed in an island‐arc setting. We documented lateral variations in stratigraphy, hydrothermal alteration, and biological activity recorded in the sedimentary rocks (over several kilometers), with the aim of identifying areas of biological activity and related small‐scale structures. The Dixon Island Formation comprises volcaniclastics, black chert, and iron‐rich chert within seven tectonic blocks. Based on detailed geological mapping, stratigraphic columns, carbon isotope composition, and organic carbon (Corg) content, we found lateral (>5 km) variations in stratigraphy and carbon isotope compositions in a black chert sequence above the Mesoarchean seafloor with hydrothermal activity. Two felsic tuff layers are used as stratigraphic marker beds within a black chert sequence, which was deposited on altered volcanic rocks. The black chert sequence in each tectonic block is 10–20 m thick. Thickness variations reflect topographical undulations in the paleo‐ocean floor due to faulting. Early‐stage normal faults indicate extensional conditions after hydrothermal activity. Black chert beds in the topographically subsided area contain higher Corg contents (about 0.4 wt%) than in areas around the depression (<0.1 wt%). Carbon isotope compositions for the black chert vary from ?40 to ?25‰, which are similar to values obtained for a black chert vein within the komatiite–rhyolite tuff sequence (underlying the black chert sequence). Those for other rock types in the Dixon Island Formation are ?33 to ?15‰. Results indicate that deformation occurred soon after the final stages of hydrothermal activity. After this early‐stage deformation, organic‐rich sediments were deposited over an area several kilometers across. The organic‐rich sediments indicate stagnant anoxic conditions that resulted in the deposition of siliceous and organic matter from hydrothermal vein systems. When hydrothermal activity terminated, normal faulting occurred and organic matter was deposited from the sea surface and silica from the seafloor. 相似文献
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KARIN AHLBERG ELISABETH ALMGREN H. E. WRIGHT JR. EMI ITO SARAH HOBBIE 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1996,25(4):257-267
Oxygen-isotope profiles for the Late-Glacial carbonate sediments from Red Bog and adjacent Lough Gur in County Limerick in western Ireland are readily correlated with the classical hiozones delineated on pollen diagrams for the same cores. The estimated summer temperatures of the Bølling/Allerød were as high as those in the early Holocene and are correlated with increasing Milankovitch summer insolation. This warm phase was abruptly terminated in the Younger Dryas cold episode by a depletion of 4% in δ18 O, suggesting a summer atmospheric temperature decrease of about 12°C, comparable to that inferred from fossil beetle data. The Younger Dryas phase is attributed to a major cooling of the sea-surface temperature by a postulated discharge of icebergs similar to that of the Heinrich events, for the icebergs were much more effective than simple meltwater in cooling the sea surface and thus the climate over Europe. Shorter-term cool phases (Older Dryas. Gerzensee. Preboreal oscillation) are also recognized. 相似文献