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Urban impacts on precipitation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Ji-Young Han Jong-Jin Baik Hyunho Lee 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2014,50(1):17-30
Weather and climate changes caused by human activities (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and urbanization) have received much attention because of their impacts on human lives as well as scientific interests. The detection, understanding, and future projection of weather and climate changes due to urbanization are important subjects in the discipline of urban meteorology and climatology. This article reviews urban impacts on precipitation. Observational studies of changes in convective phenomena over and around cities are reviewed, with focus on precipitation enhancement downwind of cities. The proposed causative factors (urban heat island, large surface roughness, and higher aerosol concentration) and mechanisms of urban-induced and/or urban-modified precipitation are then reviewed and discussed, with focus on downwind precipitation enhancement. A universal mechanism of urban-induced precipitation is made through a thorough literature review and is as follows. The urban heat island produces updrafts on the leeward or downwind side of cities, and the urban heat island-induced updrafts initiate moist convection under favorable thermodynamic conditions, thus leading to surface precipitation. Surface precipitation is likely to further increase under higher aerosol concentrations if the air humidity is high and deep and strong convection occurs. It is not likely that larger urban surface roughness plays a major role in urbaninduced precipitation. Larger urban surface roughness can, however, disrupt or bifurcate precipitating convective systems formed outside cities while passing over the cities. Such urban-modified precipitating systems can either increase or decrease precipitation over and/or downwind of cities. Much effort is needed for in-depth or new understanding of urban precipitation anomalies, which includes local and regional modeling studies using advanced numerical models and analysis studies of long-term radar data. 相似文献
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Influence of acid mine drainage on microbial communities in stream and groundwater samples at Guryong Mine,South Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jaisoo Kim So-Yeon Koo Ji-Young Kim Eun-Hee Lee Sang-Don Lee Kyung-Seok Ko Dong-Chan Ko Kyung-Suk Cho 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(7):1567-1574
The effects of acid mine drainage (AMD) in a stream and groundwater near an abandoned copper mine were characterized by physicochemical
properties, bacterial community structure using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE), and microbial activity/diversity
using Ecoplate technique. Based on DGGE fingerprints, the eubacterial community structures grouped into the stream water (GRS1,
GRS2 and GRS3) and groundwater samples (GW1 and GW2), apparently based on differences in water temperature and the concentrations
of dissolved oxygen, nitrate and sulfate. The most highly AMD-contaminated sample (GRS1) had additional α-Proteobacteria whereas
the groundwater samples included additional β-Proteobacteria, suggesting the development of populations resistant to AMD toxicity
under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Community level physiological activities on the 31 Ecoplate substrates
suggested that the activities decreased with increasing concentrations of sulfate and heavy metals derived from AMD. The Shannon
index showed that microbial diversity was greatest in GRS2, and lowest in GRS1, and was probably related to the level of AMD. 相似文献
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So-Young Kim Ji-Young Han In-Jin Choi Soo Ya Bae 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2014,50(4):469-480
Cloud and precipitation parameterization schemes are evaluated, and their sensitivity to the method and/or parameters used to determine cloud physical processes is examined using a singlecolumn version of the Unified Model (SCUM). In the experiment for TWP-ICE, cloud fraction is overestimated (underestimated) in the upper (lower) troposphere due to the wet (dry) bias. The precipitation rate is well simulated during the active monsoon period, but overestimated during the suppressed monsoon and clear skies periods. In the moist convection scheme, trigger condition and entrainment process affect the lower tropospheric humidity through the impact on convective occurrence frequency and intensity, respectively. Strengthening the trigger condition and using the adaptive entrainment method alleviate the low-level dry bias. In the microphysics scheme, more large-scale precipitation is produced with prognostic rain, due to rain sedimentation considering vertical velocity of rain drop, than with diagnostic rain. Less ice/snow deposition with the prognostic two-ice category results in lower ice water content and upper-level cloud fraction than with the diagnostic splitting method for the twoice category. In the cloud macrophysics scheme, the prognostic cloud fraction and cloud/ice water content scheme produces a larger cloud fraction and more cloud/ice water content than the diagnostic scheme, mainly due to detrainment from moist convection (cloud source) that surpasses the effect of convective heating and drying (cloud sink). This affects temperature by influencing the radiative, convective, and microphysical processes. The experiment with combined modifications in cloud and precipitation schemes shows that interaction between modified moist convection and cloud macrophysics schemes results in more alleviation of the cold bias not only at the lower levels but also at the upper levels. 相似文献
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Hyun-Joo Choi Ji-Young Han Myung-Seo Koo Hye-Yeong Chun Young-Ha Kim Song-You Hong 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2018,54(1):385-402
This study implements the parameterizations of convective and frontal gravity wave drag (GWD) with wide phase speed spectra into a global forecast model with a model top near 0.3 hPa. The new convective GWD scheme replaces the existing one that considers only a stationary convective GW, and the frontal GWD scheme is newly introduced. When the new GWD schemes are used, the Rayleigh friction, applied above 2 hPa to mimic the effects of missing GWD, is removed. The convective (frontal) GWs are generated mainly in the Intertropical Convergence Zone and winter extratropical storm track regions (extratropics where strong baroclinicity exists). The convective and frontal GWD derived from the new schemes are significant near the model top, with maxima of ~2-4 and ~26-58 m s?1 day?1, respectively. The differences in convective GWD between the stationary and non-stationary schemes appear mainly in the tropics and summer hemisphere, where stationary GWs cannot propagate upward. The new schemes improve the seasonal representation of stratospheric wind, through changes in both the GWD and the resolved wave forcing, which is modulated by the changed large-scale wind due to the GWD. The downward influence, in response to the changed GWD, is also positive in the tropospheric fields, such as subtropical jet and planetary-scale disturbances. For the medium-range forecasts, improved skill scores on wind speed are achieved globally with the new schemes. The improvements mostly appear only in the stratosphere during the early forecast period (~3 days) but expand to the troposphere as forecast time increases. 相似文献
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Seo Jaemyeong Mango Ganbat Gantuya Han Ji-Young Baik Jong-Jin 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,127(3-4):865-874
Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Many big cities around the world are located near mountains. In city-mountain regions, thermally and topographically forced local winds are produced and they... 相似文献
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Eun-Hee Lee Jaisoo Kim Ji-Young Kim So-Yeon Koo Sang-Dong Lee Kyung-Seok Ko Dong-Chan Ko Byoung-Woo Yum Kyung-Suk Cho 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(2):371-382
This research has been performed to determine the differences in microbial communities according to physicochemical properties
such as concentrations of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), dissolved
oxygen (DO), electron acceptors, etc., in oil-contaminated groundwaters at Kyonggi-Do, South Korea. The properties of bacterial
and microbial communities were analyzed by 16S polymerase chain reaction (PCR) denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)
fingerprinting method and community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) using Eco-plate, respectively. Based on the DGGE
fingerprints, the similarities of bacterial community structures were high with similar DO levels, and low with different
DO levels. Whereas the dominant bacterial groups in GW13 (highest BTEX and lowest DO) were acidobacteria, α-proteobacteria,
β-proteobacteria, γ-proteobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and spirochetes, those in GW7 (highest BTEX and highest DO) were actinobacteria,
α-proteobacteria, β-proteobacteria, γ-proteobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and sphingobacteria. Based on the CLPP results, the
groundwater samples were roughly divided into three groups: above 4 mg/L in DO (group 1: GW3 and GW7), below 4 mg/L in DO
(group 2: GW8, W1, W2, W3, and BH10), and highly contaminated with BTEX (group 3: GW13). Shannon index showed that the microbial
diversities and equitabilities were higher in shallower aquifer samples. Overall, this study verified that the greatest influencing
factors on microbial/bacterial communities in groundwaters were DO and carbon sources, although BTEX concentration was one
of the major factors. 相似文献
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