排序方式： 共有29条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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L. A. BARRIE Y. YI W. R. LEAITCH U. LOHMANN P. KASIBHATLA G.&#;J. ROELOFS J. WILSON F. McGOVERN C. BENKOVITZ M. A. MÉLIÈRES K. LAW J. PROSPERO M. KRITZ D. BERGMANN C. BRIDGEMAN M. CHIN J. CHRISTENSEN R. EASTER J. FEICHTER C. LAND A. JEUKEN E. KJELLSTRÖM D. KOCH P. RASCH 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2001,53(5):615-645
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G. J. ROELOFS P. KASIBHATLA L. BARRIE D. BERGMANN C. BRIDGEMAN M. CHIN J. CHRISTENSEN R. EASTER J. FEICHTER A. JEUKEN E. KJELLSTRÖM D. KOCH C. LAND U. LOHMANN P. RASCH 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2001,53(5):673-694
The COSAM intercomparison exercise (comparison of large‐scale sulfur models) was organized to compare and evaluate the performance of global sulfur cycle models. Eleven models participated, and from these models the simulated surface concentrations, vertical profiles and budget terms were submitted. This study focuses on simulated budget terms for the sources and sinks of SO2 and sulfate in three polluted regions in the Northern Hemisphere, i.e., eastern North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Qualitatively, features of the sulfur cycle are modeled quite consistently between models, such as the relative importance of dry deposition as a removal mechanism for SO2 , the importance of aqueous phase oxidation over gas phase oxidation for SO2 , and the importance of wet over dry deposition for removal of sulfate aerosol. Quantitatively, however, models may show large differences, especially for cloud‐related processes, i.e., aqueous phase oxidation of SO2 and sulfate wet deposition. In some cases a specific behavior can be related to the treatment of oxidants for aqueous phase SO2 oxidation, or the vertical resolution applied in models. Generally, however, the differences between models appear to be related to simulated cloud (micro‐)physics and distributions, whereas differences in vertical transport efficiencies related to convection play an additional rôle. The estimated sulfur column burdens, lifetimes and export budgets vary between models by about a factor of 2 or 3. It can be expected that uncertainties in related effects which are derived from global sulfur model calculations, such as direct and indirect climate forcing estimates by sulfate aerosol, are at least of similar magnitude. 相似文献
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Jutta ZIPFEL Bradley L. JOLLIFF Ralf GELLERT Kenneth E. HERKENHOFF Rudolf RIEDER Robert ANDERSON James F. BELL III Johannes BRÜCKNER Joy A. CRISP Philip R. CHRISTENSEN Benton C. CLARK Paulo A.
De SOUZA Jr. Gerlind DREIBUS Claude
D’USTON Thanasis ECONOMOU Steven P. GOREVAN Brian C. HAHN Göstar KLINGELHÖFER Timothy J. McCOY Harry Y. McSWEEN Jr. Douglas W. MING Richard V. MORRIS Daniel S. RODIONOV Steven W. SQUYRES Heinrich WÄNKE Shawn P. WRIGHT Michael B. WYATT Albert S. YEN 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2011,46(1):1-20
Abstract– The Opportunity rover of the Mars Exploration Rover mission encountered an isolated rock fragment with textural, mineralogical, and chemical properties similar to basaltic shergottites. This finding was confirmed by all rover instruments, and a comprehensive study of these results is reported here. Spectra from the miniature thermal emission spectrometer and the Panoramic Camera reveal a pyroxene‐rich mineralogy, which is also evident in Mössbauer spectra and in normative mineralogy derived from bulk chemistry measured by the alpha particle X‐ray spectrometer. The correspondence of Bounce Rock’s chemical composition with the composition of certain basaltic shergottites, especially Elephant Moraine (EET) 79001 lithology B and Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 94201, is very close, with only Cl, Fe, and Ti exhibiting deviations. Chemical analyses further demonstrate characteristics typical of Mars such as the Fe/Mn ratio and P concentrations. Possible shock features support the idea that Bounce Rock was ejected from an impact crater, most likely in the Meridiani Planum region. Bopolu crater, 19.3 km in diameter, located 75 km to the southwest could be the source crater. To date, no other rocks of this composition have been encountered by any of the rovers on Mars. The finding of Bounce Rock by the Opportunity rover provides further direct evidence for an origin of basaltic shergottite meteorites from Mars. 相似文献
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Relaxation of soil variables in a regional climate model 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
OLE BØSSING CHRISTENSEN 《地球，A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》1999,51(5):674-685
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ANDERS LINDROTH FREDRIK LAGERGREN MIKA AURELA BRYNHILDUR BJARNADOTTIR TORBEN CHRISTENSEN EBBA DELLWIK ACHIM GRELLE REAS IBROM TORBJÖRN JOHANSSON HARRY LANKREIJER SAMULI LAUNIAINEN TUOMAS LAURILA MEELIS MÖLDER EERO NIKINMAA KIM PILEGAARD BJARNI D. SIGURDSSON TIMO VESALA 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2008,60(2):129-142
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JULIA CHRISTENSEN 《Geographical review》2013,103(2):219-229
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By KRISTIN RYPDAL NATHAN RIVE TERJE K. BERNTSEN ZBIGNIEW KLIMONT TORBEN K. MIDEKSA GUNNAR MYHRE RAGNHILD B. SKEIE 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(4):625-641
Abatement of particulate matter has traditionally been driven by health concerns rather than its role in global warming. Here we assess future abatement strategies in terms of how much they reduce the climate impact of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) from contained combustion. We develop global scenarios which take into account regional differences in climate impact, costs of abatement and ability to pay, as well as both the direct and indirect (snow-albedo) climate impact of BC and OC. To represent the climate impact, we estimate consistent region-specific values of direct and indirect global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature potential (GTP). The indirect GWP has been estimated using a physical approach and includes the effect of change in albedo from BC deposited on snow. The indirect GWP is highest in the Middle East followed by Russia, Europe and North America, while the total GWP is highest in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. We conclude that prioritizing emission reductions in Asia represents the most cost-efficient global abatement strategy for BC because Asia is (1) responsible for a large share of total emissions, (2) has lower abatement costs compared to Europe and North America and (3) has large health cobenefits from reduced PM10 emissions. 相似文献
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