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Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were analyzed in near surface sediments (0-2 cm) and biota (zooplankton, macro-invertebrates, finfish) collected from Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island/Massachusetts, USA) and adjacent embayments and tidal rivers. Spatial patterns in sediment contamination were governed by the high affinity of Hg for total organic carbon (TOC). Sediment MeHg and percent MeHg were also inversely related to summer bottom water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, presumably due to the increased activity of methylating bacteria. For biota, Hg accumulation was influenced by inter-specific habitat preferences and trophic structure, and sediments with high TOC and percent silt-clay composition limited mercury bioavailability. Moreover, hypoxic bottom water limited Hg bioaccumulation, which is possibly mediated by a reduction in biotic foraging, and thus, dietary uptake of mercury. Finally, most biota demonstrated a significant positive relationship between tissue and TOC-normalized sediment Hg, but relationships were much weaker or absent for sediment MeHg. These results have important implications for the utility of estuarine biota as subjects for mercury monitoring programs. 相似文献
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Marine waters from seven sites around Hong Kong with varying levels of sewage pollution were analyzed for Hepatitis A virus (HAV) by PCR cloning and DNA sequencing of the highly variable VP1/2A junction of the HAV genome. Phylogenetic analysis of 10 PCR clones from each of the HAV-positive marine sites indicated that human HAV genotype IB is the most widely distributed type in Hong Kong waters. A sensitive and quantitative TaqMan-based PCR method targeting the 5′-noncoding region (5′-NCR) of HAV was used to quantify HAV particles in marine water samples along with the total Escherichiacoli counts being enumerated on TBX medium for comparison. Our results showed that no correlation of any significance between HAV and E. coli counts was observed which underscores the inadequacy in using E. coli as a sanitary standard to predict the levels of HAV in marine waters. 相似文献
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Ice-core samples from Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG), Wyoming, were used as proxy records for the chemical composition of atmospheric
deposition. Results of analysis of the ice-core samples for stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N, ) and sulfur (δ34S, ), as well as and deposition rates from the late-1940s thru the early-1990s, were used to enhance and extend existing National Atmospheric
Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) data in western Wyoming. The most enriched δ34S value in the UFG ice-core samples coincided with snow deposited during the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens, Washington.
The remaining δ34S values were similar to the isotopic composition of coal from southern Wyoming. The δ15N values in ice-core samples representing a similar period of snow deposition were negative, ranging from -5.9 to -3.2 ‰ and
all fall within the δ15N values expected from vehicle emissions. Ice-core nitrate and sulfate deposition data reflect the sharply increasing U.S.
emissions data from 1950 to the mid-1970s. 相似文献
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尽管每年美国中部有许多对流系统出现,但一些对流复合体的碎云砧消散或移走之后,在卫星云图上只有少数可以很好地确定为典型的中层涡旋.本文介绍1981-1988年中尺度对流系统生成涡旋(MCV)事件的气候分析结果,并讨论涡旋环流明显时的天气背景.针对许多个例,用最近的探测资料考查了卫星云图判别的MCVs每个发展阶段的运动学和热力学特征.对MCVs的形成和维持似乎有益的大尺度环境场特征包括弱的气流、弱的垂直切变、弱的环境相对涡度以及强的水平和垂直湿度梯度.可以用涡度方程的形变项解释观测到的中尺度涡旋快速生成的情形. 大多数MCVs出现在MCC型(即圆形的)系统中,但所有记录的个例(1981-1988出现在美国中部的24次事件)中只有一半起源于那些在大小和生命期上满足Maddox严格的MCC判据.此外,因为一些MCVs从尺度小且生命期相对短的对流系统中出现,所以,天气背景以及潜热释放的数量可能成为决定MCSs是否导致MCVs产生的重要控制因子.大多数MCVs(80%)首先在40°N以南观测到.既然许多对流系统在40°N以北形成,所以,MCVs在偏北地区稀少的现象并不是该地区缺乏对流系统的结果. 相似文献
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