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Microtextural study of a single troilite‐metal nodule (TMN) from the Katol L6‐7 chondrite, a recent fall (May, 2012) in India suggests that the TMN is primarily an aggregate of submicron‐scale intergrowth of troilite and kamacite (mean Ni: 6.18 wt%) juxtaposed with intensely fractured silicates, mainly olivine (Fa: 25 mole%), low‐Ca pyroxene (Fs: 21.2 mole%), and a large volume of maskelynite. Evidence of shock textures in the TMN indicates a high degree of shock metamorphism that involves plagioclase‐maskelynite and olivine‐wadsleyite/ringwoodite transformations and formation of quenched metal‐sulfide melt textures due to localized shear‐induced frictional melting. It is inferred that the TMN formation is an independent, localized event by a high energy impact and its subsequent incorporation in the ejected chondritic fragment of the parent body. Katol chondrite has been calibrated with a peak shock pressure of S5 (~45 GPa) after Stöffler et al. (1991), whereas peak shock pressure within the TMN exceeds the shock facies S6 (>45 GPa) following Bennett and McSween (1996) and Stöffler et al. (1991). Overall, the shock‐thermal history of the Katol TMN is dissimilar as compared to the host chondrite. 相似文献
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Dwijesh Ray Dewashish Upadhyay Saumitra Misra Horton E. Newsom Sambhunath Ghosh 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(8):1577-1599
The Lonar impact crater, India, is one of the few known terrestrial impact craters excavated in continental basaltic target rocks (Deccan Traps, ~65 Ma). The impactites reported from the crater to date mainly include centimeter‐ to decimeter‐sized impact‐melt bombs, and aerodynamically shaped millimeter‐ and submillimeter‐sized impact spherules. They occur in situ within the ejecta around the crater rim and show schlieren structure. In contrast, non–in situ glassy objects, loosely strewn around the crater lake and in the ejecta around the crater rim do not show any schlieren structure. These non–in situ fragments appear to be similar to ancient bricks from the Daityasudan temple in the Lonar village. Synthesis of existing and new major and trace element data on the Lonar impact spherules show that (1) the target Lonar basalts incorporated into the spherules had undergone minimal preimpact alteration. Also, the paleosol layer as preserved between the top‐most target basalt flow and the ejecta blanket, even after the impact, was not a source component for the Lonar impactites, (2) the Archean basement below the Deccan traps were unlikely to have contributed material to the impactite parental melts, and (3) the impactor asteroid components (Cr, Co, Ni) were concentrated only within the submillimeter‐sized spherules. Two component mixing calculations using major oxides and Cr, Co, and Ni suggest that the Lonar impactor was a EH‐type chondrite with the submillimeter‐sized spherules containing ~6 wt% impactor components. 相似文献
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PETER JENNISKENS PAUL WERCINSKI JOE OLEJNICZAK GARY ALLEN PRASUN N. DESAI GEORGE RAICHE DEAN KONTINOS DOUG REVELLE JASON HATTON RICHARD L. BAKER RAY W. RUSSELL MIKE TAYLOR FRANS RIETMEIJER 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2004,95(1-4):339-360
The imminent return of the Genesis Sample Return Capsule (SRC) from the Earth’s L1 point on September 8, 2004, represents
the first opportunity since the Apollo era to study the atmospheric entry of a meter-sized body at or above the Earth’s escape
speed. Until now, reentry heating models are based on only one successful reentry with an instrumented vehicle at higher than
escape speed, the 22 May 1965 NASA “FIRE 2” experiment. In preparation of an instrumented airborne and ground-based observing
campaign, we examined the expected bolide radiation for the reentry of the Genesis SRC. We find that the expected emission
spectrum consists mostly of blackbody emission from the SRC surface (T∼
∼2630 K@peak heating), slightly skewed in shape because of a range of surface temperatures. At high enough spectral resolution,
shock emission from nitrogen and oxygen atoms, as well as the first positive and first negative bands of N2+, will stand out above this continuum. Carbon atom lines and the 389-nm CN band emission may also be detected, as well as
the mid-IR 4.6-μm CO band. The ablation rate can be studied from the signature of trace sodium in the heat shield material,
calibrated by the total amount of matter lost from the recovered shield. A pristine collection of the heat shield would also
permit the sampling of products of ablation. 相似文献
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RAY K. LINSLEY 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):517-529
Abstract After defining the several terms that have come to be used to describe basins of various types this paper deals with some of the problems of basin studies. The relative sizes of different basins is one such problem, overland flow and interflow are others. Simulation of basins is considered, particularly the use of the Stanford Watershed Model and how this model can be applied to investigate changes due to urbanization and deforestation. The future role of representative and experimental basins is discussed. 相似文献
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Abstract Daily flow records, rainfall data and tropical cyclone maps during 1970–1998 are used to document the impact of tropical cyclones (TCs) on floods in the Rewa River system, Viti Levu, Fiji. Floods are large, brief, isolated events caused by TCs and non-TC tropical rainstorms. More floods are caused by tropical rainstorms than by TCs, but TC floods are larger. The log Pearson Type III distribution consistently provided the best fit to partial duration flood series and the widely-recommended generalized Pareto distribution performed very poorly, underscoring the need to test a variety of distributions for a particular geographic location. Tropical cyclones occur more often in Fiji during negative values of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and all TCs that occurred during El Niño conditions caused floods. Peak flood discharges caused by TCs are inversely correlated with the SOI, reflecting possible links with tropical cyclone frequency and precipitation intensity. 相似文献
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DAN H. SHUGAR RAY KOSTASCHUK JAMES L. BEST† DANIEL R. PARSONS‡ STUART N. LANE§ OSCAR ORFEO¶ RICHARD J. HARDY§ 《Sedimentology》2010,57(1):252-272
The links between large‐scale turbulence and the suspension of sediment over alluvial bedforms have generated considerable interest in the last few decades, with past studies illustrating the origin of such turbulence and its influence on flow resistance, sediment transport and bedform morphology. In this study of turbulence and sediment suspension over large sand dunes in the Río Paraná, Argentina, time series of three‐dimensional velocity, and at‐a‐point suspended sediment concentration and particle‐size, were measured with an acoustic Doppler current profiler and laser in situ scattering transmissometer, respectively. These time series were decomposed using wavelet analysis to investigate the scales of covariation of flow velocity and suspended sediment. The analysis reveals an inverse relationship between streamwise and vertical velocities over the dune crest, where streamwise flow deceleration is linked to the vertical flux of fluid towards the water surface in the form of large turbulent fluid ejections. Regions of high suspended sediment concentration are found to correlate well with such events. The frequencies of these turbulent events have been assessed from wavelet analysis and found to concentrate in two zones that closely match predictions from empirical equations. Such a finding suggests that a combination and interaction of vortex shedding and wake flapping/changing length of the lee‐side separation zone are the principal contributors to the turbulent flow field associated with such large alluvial sand dunes. Wavelet analysis provides insight upon the temporal and spatial evolution of these coherent flow structures, including information on the topology of dune‐related turbulent flow structures. At the flow stage investigated, the turbulent flow events, and their associated high suspended sediment concentrations, are seen to grow with height above the bed until a threshold height (ca 0·45 flow depth) is reached, above which they begin to decay and dissipate. 相似文献