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Abstract In any dam siting study in arid regions, rainfall records, runoff measurements and their greatest magnitudes are very important. Unfortunately, the data are scarce and, therefore, empirical approaches and charts obtained from similar regions in other parts of the world are necessary for complete applications. The lack of observed data presents the major problem for runoff modelling in arid regions. These regions have characteristically high rainfall intensity and consequent flash floods with large amounts of sediments. Occurrence of rainfall is sporadic, both temporally and spatially, which makes the interpretation of the rainfall-runoff relationship quite difficult. Flood estimations play a significant role in dam siting from the point of view of water availability. This paper presents the basic calculations of floods and sediment amounts that are necessary in dam siting and construction in an arid area by considering the southwestern part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 相似文献
2.
Gardezi Hasnain Xing Aiguo Bilal Muhammad Zhuang Yu Muhammad Shoaib Janjua Shahmir 《Landslides》2022,19(2):451-463
Landslides - On July 5, 2021, a catastrophic rock avalanche hit an area in the upper Naltar valley, located in northwestern Gilgit, Pakistan. The 14 Mm3 rock mass flowed down the hillslope and... 相似文献
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HABIB Ammara CHEN Bin SHI Guangyu IWASAKA Yasunobu NATH Debashis KHALID Bushra TAN Saichun MAHMOOD Tariq JIAO Reguang NTWALI Didier 《大气和海洋科学快报》2019,(1):12-20
塔克拉玛干沙漠是亚洲沙尘气溶胶的重要源地。为探讨塔克拉玛干地区沙尘气溶胶的理化特性与时空变化,研究其环境与气候效应,本文分析了四个季节在中国敦煌(塔克拉玛干沙漠内)取得的探空气球观测数据,包括气溶胶的数浓度、粒径分布、质量浓度及在西风主导下的水平输送通量。气溶胶数浓度的垂直廓线显示,来自沙漠地区的矿物粒子对局地环境与气候有重要影响,且所有季节都存在长距离输送。粒子谱分布显示局地有大量粗粒子输入。结果说明,源于塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙尘气溶胶的背景输送有着重要的科学意义,需进一步研究其对东亚和西太平洋地区环境与气候的影响。 相似文献
4.
We discuss the equilibrium solutions of four different types of collinear four-body problems having two pairs of equal masses.
Two of these four-body models are symmetric about the center-of-mass while the other two are non-symmetric. We define two
mass ratios as μ
1 = m
1/M
T and μ
2 = m
2/M
T, where m
1 and m
2 are the two unequal masses and M
T is the total mass of the system. We discuss the existence of continuous family of equilibrium solutions for all the four
types of four-body problems. 相似文献
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6.
Attitude stabilization of a charged rigid spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit using torques due to Lorentz force in pitch and roll directions is considered. A spacecraft that generates an electrostatic charge on its surface in the Earth's magnetic field will be subject to perturbations from the Lorentz force. The Lorentz force acting on an electrostatically charged spacecraft may provide a useful thrust for controlling a spacecraft's orientation. We assume that the spacecraft is moving in the Earth's magnetic field in an elliptical orbit under the effects of gravitational, geomagnetic and Lorentz torques. The magnetic field of the Earth is modeled as a non-tilted dipole.A model incorporating all Lorentz torques as a function of orbital elements has been developed on the basis of electric and magnetic fields. The stability of the spacecraft orientation is investigated both analytically and numerically. The existence and stability of equilibrium positions is investigated for different values of the charge to mass ratio(α*). Stable orbits are identified for various values of α*. The main parameters for stabilization of the spacecraft are α*and the difference between the components of the moment of inertia for the spacecraft. 相似文献
7.
ASHRAF Sobia ABBAS Farhat IBRAHIM Muhammad RASHID Umer KHALID Shoaib Raza AHMAD Hammad Rehman HAKEEM Khalid MAJEED Tahir 《地理学报(英文版)》2015,25(2):225-235
Groundwater is the most appropriate and widely used source of drinking water, which is increasingly threatened by pollution from industrial and agricultural activities. To check the severity of the problem, 156 groundwater samples were collected from various depths (60-110 ft) of 52 different localities in Faisalabad city, the third largest metropolis in Pakistan, and analyzed for the metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Mn and Fe) concentration in 2009. Quantification was done by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer technique and the results were compared with WHO standards for drinking water quality. Results showed that the levels of Cu, Mn and Fe were below the WHO standards while the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Ni and Pb were above the recommended levels of safe drinking water. Correlation analysis among the occurrence of these heavy metals revealed a highly significant and positive correlation of Mn with Zn and Fe. A significant and positive correlation of Cd was also found with Cu and groundwater depth showing that there is strong association between Cu-Cd pair and that the Cd concentration varies with depth of groundwater in the study area. Regional patterns of heavy metals occurrence were mapped using Geographical Information System (GIS) for the identification and demarcation of risk areas. The concentration maps may be used by policymakers of the city to mitigate groundwater pollution. 相似文献
8.
核形石是一种具有双重属性而较为特别的微生物碳酸盐岩:①作为一种包覆颗粒类型，核形石以不平滑的圈层和较大的大小被解释为微生物成因区别于成因存在着较大争议的鲕粒；②作为一种形成在围绕着核心的序列式纹层化作用过程中的球形或椭球型的生物沉积构造，核形石还常常被解释为微生物碳酸盐岩的一种类型而被归为球状叠层石。在辽西葫芦岛三道沟剖面寒武系苗岭统张夏组顶部的块状鲕粒滩相灰岩之中，密集发育着厘米级别大小的高能泥晶核形石。另外，以下重要特征将张夏组鲕粒灰岩中的核形石特征化，包括:①厘米级别的大小；②椭圆形为主的形态学特征；③特征性的纹层状构造；④核形石皮层中普遍发育而且较高密度保存的丝状蓝细菌鞘的钙化化石等等。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代核形石复杂的形成机理将存在着巨大的挑战，也尽管形成这些核形石复杂的生物膜钙化作用机理还没有得到精确的了解，但是，辽西葫芦岛三道沟剖面张夏组中的核形石，直接的微生物化石证据，尤其是在核形石内较为丰富的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石，使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造核形石的典型实例；同时，也为进一步了解形成在水柱中的放射鲕粒以及形成在海底的泥晶核形石之间复杂的形成机理的差异性，提供了一个较为典型的实例。 相似文献
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Yikang Rui Zaigui Yang Tianlu Qian Shoaib Khalid Nan Xia 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(2):186-199
The distribution of many geographical objects and events is affected by the road network; thus, network-constrained point pattern analysis methods are helpful to understand their space structures and distribution patterns. In this study, network kernel density estimation and network K-function are used to study retail service hot-spot areas and the spatial clustering patterns of a local retail giant (Suguo), respectively, in Nanjing city. Stores and roads are categorized to investigate the influence of weighting different categories of point events and network on the analysis. In addition, the competitive relation between Suguo and foreign-brand retail chains was revealed. The comprehensive analysis results derived from the combination of the first-order and second-order properties can be further used to examine the reasonability of the existing store distribution and optimize the locational choice of new stores. 相似文献
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1 Introduction Theuseofnaturalresources ,includingthosebeingofseeminglymarginalvalue ,isanimportanthumanactivitydesignedtoincreasefoodproductionandin come .Inagriculture ,soilsmaybetoosalinetosup portprofitablecrophusbandry ,yetsuchsoilmaybeusedalternat… 相似文献