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1.
Kaizad F. Patel Ivan J. Fernandez Sarah J. Nelson Stephen A. Norton Cheryl J. Spencer 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14147
The Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) is a long-term research site established to study the response of forest ecosystem function to environmental disturbances of chronic acidic deposition and ecosystem nitrogen enrichment. Starting in 1989, the West Bear (treated) watershed received bimonthly applications of ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] fertilizer from above the canopy, whereas East Bear (reference) received ambient deposition. The treatments were stopped in 2016, marking the beginning of the recovery phase. Research at the site has focused on soils, streams, and vegetation. Here, we describe data collected over three decades at the BBWM—input and stream output nutrient fluxes, quantitative soil pits and soil chemistry, and soil temperature and moisture. 相似文献
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In the atmospheric Čerenkov technique γ-rays are detected against the abundant background produced by hadronic showers. In
order to improve the signal to noise ratio of theexperiment, it is necessary to reject a significant fraction of hadronic
showers. Traditional background rejection methods based on image shape parameters have been extensively used for the data
from imaging telescopes. However, non-imaging Čerenkov telescopes have to develop very different means of statistically identifying
and removing cosmic ray events. Some of the parameters, which could be potentially important for non-imaging arrays, are the
temporal and spectral differences, the lateral distributions and density fluctuations of Čerenkov photons generated by γ-ray
and hadron primaries. Here we study the differences in fluctuations of Čerenkov photon density in the light pool at the observation
level from showers initiated by photons and those initiated by protons or heavier nuclei. The database of simulated events
for the PACT array has been used to evaluate the efficiency of the new technique. Various types of density fluctuations like
the short range and medium range fluctuations as well as flatness parameter are studied. The estimated quality factors reflect
the efficiencies with which the hadrons can be rejected from the data. Since some of these parameters are independent, the
cuts may be applied in tandem and we demonstrate that the proton rejection efficiency of ∼90% can be achieved. Use of density
fluctuations is particularly suited for wavefront sampling observations and it seems to be a good technique to improve the
signal to noise ratio.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Mars Global Surveyor accelerometer observations of the martian upper atmosphere revealed large variations in density with longitude during northern hemisphere spring at altitudes of 130-160 km, all latitudes, and mid-afternoon local solar times (LSTs). This zonal structure is due to tides from the surface. The zonal structure is stable on timescales of weeks, decays with increasing altitude above 130 km, and is dominated by wave-3 (average amplitude 22% of mean density) and wave-2 (18%) harmonics. The phases of these harmonics are constant with both altitude and latitude, though their amplitudes change significantly with latitude. Near the South Pole, the phase of the wave-2 harmonic changes by 90° with a change of half a martian solar day while the wave-3 phase stays constant, suggesting diurnal and semidiurnal behaviour, respectively. We use a simple application of classical tidal theory to identify the dominant tidal modes and obtain results consistent with those of General Circulation Models. Our method is less rigorous, but simpler, than the General Circulation Models and hence complements them. Topography has a strong influence on the zonal structure. 相似文献
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A. Habib J. Vernin Z. Benkhaldoun H. Lanteri 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,368(3):1456-1462
In this paper, we present a new method to estimate, for each turbulent layer labelled i , the horizontal wind speed v ( h i ) , the standard deviation of the horizontal wind speed fluctuations σ v ( hi ) and the integrated value of C 2 n over the thickness Δ hi of the turbulent layer C 2 n ( hi )Δ hi , where hi is the altitude of the turbulent layer. These parameters are extracted from single star scintillation spatiotemporal cross-correlation functions of atmospheric speckles obtained within the generalized mode. This method is based on the simulated annealing algorithm to find the optimal solution required to solve the problem. Astrophysics parameters for adaptive optics are also calculated using C 2 n ( hi ) and v ( hi ) values. The results of other techniques support this new method. 相似文献
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In the upper Chesapeake Bay (Maryland, U.S.A.) field surveys were conducted at 18 multiple longshore sand bar sites. The multiple bar systems were found in water depths less than approximately 2 m (mean sea level), and exhibited mild bottom slopes of 0·0052 or less. The number of bars composing each system ranged from four to 17 and the spacing between the crests typically increased in the offshore direction, ranging from 12 to 70 m. Bar height also typically increased with distance offshore and ranged from 0·03 to 0·61 m. A grain size analysis of crest and trough sediment did not reveal any significant differences and the sediment was categorized as ‘fine sand’. A review of the literature data indicated that the Chesapeake Bay multiple bars possessed similar characteristics to those found in Gelding Bay (Baltic Sea); similarities in fetch, wave height and tidal range between the two bays may account for this finding. The surf-scaling parameter indicated that the multiple bar systems were extremely dissipative with regard to wave energy, and wave height appeared to be an important factor in controlling bar spacing and bar height. A multiple wave break point hypothesis was discussed as a possible mechanism for the formation of Chesapeake Bay multiple longshore bars, and limited observational evidence appeared to support such a mechanism. 相似文献