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1.
In the mid-fifteenth century, one of the largest eruptions of the last 10 000 years occurred in the Central New Hebrides arc, forming the Kuwae caldera (12x6 km). This eruption followed a late maar phase in the pre-caldera edifice, responsible for a series of alternating hydromagmatic deposits and airfall lapilli layers. Tuffs related to caldera formation ( 120 m of deposits on a composite section from the caldera wall) were emitted during two main ignimbritic phases associated with two additional hydromagmatic episodes. The lower hydromagmatic tuffs from the precaldera maar phase are mainly basaltic andesite in composition, but clasts show compositions ranging from 48 to 60% SiO2. The unwelded and welded ashflow deposits from the ignimbritic phases and the associated intermediate and upper hydromagmatic deposits also show a wide compositional range (60–73% SiO2), but are dominantly dacitic. This broad compositional range is thought to be due to crystal fractionation. The striking evolution from one eruptive style (hydromagmatic) to the other (magmatic with emission of a large volume of ignimbrites) which occurred either over the tuff series as a whole, or at the beginning of each ignimbritic phase, is the most impressive characteristic of the caldera-forming event. This strongly suggests triggering of the main eruptive phases by magma-water interaction. A three-step model of caldera formation is presented: (1) moderate hydromagmatic (sequences HD 1–4) and magmatic (fallout deposits) activity from a central vent, probably over a period of months or years, affected an area slightly wider than the present caldera. At the end of this stage, intense seismic activity and extrusion of differentiated magma outside the caldera area occurred; (2) unhomogenized dacite was released during a hydromagmatic episode (HD 5). This was immediately followed by two major pyroclastic flows (PFD 1 and 2). The vents spread and intense magma-water interaction at the beginning of this stage decreased rapidly as magma discharge increased. Subsequent collapse of the caldera probably commenced in the southeastern sector of the caldera; (3) dacitic welded tuffs were emplaced during a second main phase (WFD 1–5). At the beginning of this phase, magma-water interaction continued, producing typical hydromagmatic deposits (HD 6). Caldera collapse extended to the northern part of the caldera. Previous C14 dates and records of explosive volcanism in ice from the south Pole show that the climactic phase of this event occurred in 1452 A.D. 相似文献
2.
The solution of two-dimensional problem of an interface breaking long inclined dip-slip fault in two welded half-spaces is
well known. The purpose of this note is to obtain the corresponding solution for a blind fault. The solution is valid for
arbitrary values of the fault-depth and the dip angle. Graphs showing the variation of the displacement field with the distance
from the fault, for different values of fault depth and dip angle are presented. Contour maps showing the stress field around
a long dip-slip fault are also obtained 相似文献
3.
Static deformation of two monoclinic elastic half-spaces in welded contact due to a long inclined strike-slip fault situated
in one of the half-spaces is studied analytically and numerically. Closed-form algebraic expressions for the displacement
at any point of the medium are obtained. The variation of the displacement at the interface with the horizontal distance from
the fault is studied. The effect of anisotropy on the displacement field is examined. It is found that while the anisotropy
of the source half-space has a significant effect on the displacement at the interface, the anisotropy of the other half-space
has only a marginal effect. 相似文献
4.
焊齿破岩滚刀钻头适应多种地层钻进。本文主要介绍了焊齿破岩滚刀钻头的钻进工作原理，在桩基施工中的钻进技术参数，滚刀刀齿的修复及应用效果。 相似文献
5.
6.
具有裂纹损伤的海底管道断裂及疲劳评估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
海底管道是海洋石油开发的重要设施之一,对其进行断裂安全评估是非常重要的。介绍了结构失效评估图（FAD）技术,详细阐述了BS7910：1999规范中三个不同等级的断裂评估方法和疲劳评估方法。通过断裂评估方法,能够对不向受力状态下的含焊接裂纹管道进行断裂评估,得到管道任何位置的极限裂纹长度;通过疲劳评估方法,能够对受复杂动荷载的含焊接裂纹管道进行疲劳评估,得到管道在此种受力环境下的疲劳寿命。 相似文献
7.
- Offshore platforms are always subjected to wave action which is random variable amplitude cyclic loading. In order to simulate the stressing condition at the 'hot spot' of the tubular joints and the marine environment, random variable amplitude fatigue tests have been carried out on welded plate joints in sea water. The tests have been conducted under the conditions of loading frequency of 0.2 Hz, stress ratio of -1, seawater temperature of about 20℃ and cathodic protection with the potential about -850 mV, SCE. The test results have been compared with the seawater corrosion fatigue life under constant amplitude loading. Miner's linear cumulative damage summation rule has been used to predict the corrosion fatigue life under variable amplitude loading. The predicted life is in good agreement with the test data. 相似文献
8.
安山质熔结凝灰岩中凹凸棒石断层岩的矿物学特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
郯庐断裂带肥东段龙山安山质熔结凝灰岩中产出一种白色断层岩。X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(TER)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电子能谱仪(EDS)、X-射线荧光光谱(XRF。)等结构、形貌和成分分析证明，这些白色断层岩主要由凹凸棒石组成(含量大于90％)，属于凹凸棒石断层岩。凹凸棒石呈现40-60纳米的细长纤维，其中的少量杂质是纳米粒度的石英和钠长石。纳米粒度的石英和钠长石形态特征显示它们可能由安山质熔接凝灰岩中原生矿物机械破碎形成。这些凹凸棒石断层岩形成于火山热液活动同一期断层递进变形过程中，经历了三个阶段。首先是安山质熔结凝灰岩在断裂作用下形成碎粉岩，然后是碎粉岩在构造应力和火山热液作用下水化形成凹凸棒石，最后凹凸棒石又在断层活动晚期发生变形。 相似文献
9.
The Biot linearized theory of fluid saturated porous materials is used to study the plane strain deformation of a two-phase
medium consisting of a homogeneous, isotropic, poroelastic half-space in welded contact with a homogeneous, isotropic, perfectly
elastic half-space caused by a two-dimensional source in the elastic half-space. The integral expressions for the displacements
and stresses in the two half-spaces in welded contact are obtained from the corresponding expressions for an unbounded elastic
medium by applying suitable boundary conditions at the interface. The case of a long dip-slip fault is discussed in detail.
The integrals for this source are solved analytically for two limiting cases: (i) undrained conditions in the high frequency
limit, and (ii) steady state drained conditions as the frequency approaches zero. It has been verified that the solution for
the drained case (ω → 0) coincides with the known elastic solution. The drained and undrained displacements and stresses are compared graphically.
Diffusion of the pore pressure with time is also studied. 相似文献
10.
采用氢渗透试验法、硫化氢致应力四点弯曲法研究了TMCP X80高强度管线钢焊接件不同部位的氢渗透及其开裂行为,用扫描电镜对母材、热影响区、焊材进行显微组织分析。结果表明,该SZP-117试样各区显微组织不同,焊材比母材耐氢渗透能力差,焊接后熔合线部位耐氢渗透能力大于焊材的,但热影响区耐氢渗透性能次于母材。另外,s-117试样大热输入耐氢致开裂的能力比小热输入差。 相似文献