Permeability development in vesiculating magmas: implications for fragmentation   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Caroline Klug  Katharine V. Cashman 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(2-3):87-100

 Fragmentation, or the "coming apart" of magma during a plinian eruption, remains one of the least understood processes in volcanology, although assumptions about the timing and mechanisms of fragmentation are key parameters in all existing eruption models. Despite evidence to the contrary, most models assume that fragmentation occurs at a critical vesicularity (volume percent vesicles) of 75–83%. We propose instead that the degree to which magma is fragmented is determined by factors controlling bubble coalescence: magma viscosity, temperature, bubble size distribution, bubble shapes, and time. Bubble coalescence in vesiculating magmas creates permeability which serves to connect the dispersed gas phase. When sufficiently developed, permeability allows subsequent exsolved and expanded gas to escape, thus preserving a sufficiently interconnected region of vesicular magma as a pumice clast, rather than fully fragmenting it to ash. For this reason pumice is likely to preserve information about (a) how permeability develops and (b) the critical permeability needed to insure clast preservation. We present measurements and calculations that constrain the conditions (vesicularity, bubble size distribution, time, pressure difference, viscosity) necessary for adequate permeability to develop. We suggest that magma fragments explosively to ash when and where, in a heterogeneously vesiculating magma, these conditions are not met. Both the development of permeability by bubble wall thinning and rupture and the loss of gas through a permeable network of bubbles require time, consistent with the observation that degree of fragmentation (i.e., amount of ash) increases with increasing eruption rate. Received: 5 July 1995 / Accepted: 27 December 1995  相似文献   

Subsidence breccias in kimberlite pipes—an application of fractal analysis     

Wayne Barnett   《Lithos》2004,76(1-4):299-316

A particular variety of volcanogenic country rock breccia is described; a contact breccia that has been identified at Venetia, River Ranch and Wimbledon kimberlite pipes. The contact breccia is clast supported with no juvenile kimberlite component, has tightly packed, angular fragments (with occasional rounding of smaller particles), and has a shear-fabric dipping towards the center of each kimberlite pipe or volcanic event. Clasts have preferred orientations parallel to the fabric. Photographs of the breccia in the open pit face and measured data from drill core are analyzed specifically to quantify the clast size distributions and clast shapes by means of fractal analysis. The fractal dimension is one means of characterizing the breccia because the dimension can be specific to a fragmentation mechanism. Clast size distribution fractal dimensions in the coarser particles (greater than circa 3 cm) range from greater than 3 for nonsheared breccia, down to circa 2.3 for the sheared breccia. Breccia characterization based on this fractal analysis suggests that fragmentation occurred initially from confined high-energy explosions, followed by collapse and abrasion by subsequently gravity-induced rockmass subsidence. All studied contact breccias produced a distinctive fractal signature in the finer particles (<3 cm) of circa 1.6 that can be explained by a comminution fragmentation process in that particular particle size range. It is suggested that these subsidence breccias require a substantial volume deficit at depth within the volcanic pipe in order to explain their origin and size. The methodology used in this study could be used to characterize any other volcanic breccia and further model their origins.  相似文献   

Small inflation sources producing seismic and infrasonic pulses during the 2000 eruptions of Miyake-jima, Japan     

Tomokazu Kobayashi  Yoshiaki Ida 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,240(2):291-301

During the 2000 activity of Miyake-jima volcano, Japan, we detected long period seismic signals with initial pulse widths of 1-2 s, accompanied by infrasonic pulses with almost the same pulse widths. The seismic signals were observed from 13 July 2000, a day before the second summit eruption. The occurrences of the seismic signals were intermittent with a gradual increase in their magnitudes and numbers building toward a significant explosive eruption on 18 August. After the eruption, the seismic and infrasonic events ceased. The results of a waveform inversion show that the initial motions were excited by an isotropic inflation source beneath the south edge of the caldera at a depth of 1.4 km. On the other hand, the sources of the infrasonic pulses were located in the summit caldera area. The times at which the infrasonic pulses were emitted at the surface were delayed by about 3 s from the origin times of the seismic events. It is suggested that small isotropic inflations excited seismic waves in the crust and simultaneously caused acoustic waves that traveled in the conduit and produced infrasonic pulses at the crater bottom. Considering the observed time differences and gas temperatures emitted from the vent, the conduit should have been filled with vapor mixed with SO₂ gas and volcanic ash. The change of the time differences between the seismic and infrasonic signals suggests that the seismic source became shallower within half a day before the August 18 explosive eruption. We interpret the source process as a fragmentation process of magma in which gas bubbles burst and quickly released part of the pressure that had been sustained by the tensional strength of magma.  相似文献   

Magma fragmentation dynamics: experiments with analogue porous low-strength material     

Mikhail Alidibirov  Vsevolod Panov 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1998,59(7):481-489

 Experiments were conducted on the fragmentation of analogue low-strength porous material (plastiprin) by rapid decompression in a shock-tube-type apparatus. The porous samples (length=365 mm, cross-section dimensions 40×40 mm) pressurized by air to pressures up to 0.9 MPa, were rapidly decompressed to 0.1 MPa. Rapid decompression of samples caused fragmentation and ejection of the fragmentation products into a large volume tank. The process of analogue material fragmentation was documented using high-speed cinematography and dynamic pressure measurements. The duration of the fragmentation event is significantly shorter than that of the ejection event. The fragmentation of material precedes the acceleration of fragments. As a result of fragmentation, sub-parallel fractures are generated. The characteristic fragment size decreases as the initial pressure differential increases. The ejected fragments obtain velocities of 60 m/s. The mechanisms of material fragmentation during unloading and fragmentation wave propagation are discussed. The experimental results provide insight into the fragmentation dynamics of highly viscous magmas in which brittle failure at high strain rate is possible. Received: 23 July 1997 / Accepted: 23 November 1997  相似文献   

The emergent network structure of the multilateral environmental agreement system     

Rakhyun E. Kim 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(5):980-991

The conventional piecemeal approach to environmental treaty-making has resulted in a ‘maze’ of international agreements. However, little is known empirically about its overall structure and evolutionary dynamics. This study reveals and characterizes the evolving structure of the web of international environmental treaty law. The structure was approximated using 1001 cross-references among 747 multilateral environmental agreements concluded from 1857 to 2012. Known network analysis measures were used to answer the following questions: has a complex system of international environmental treaty law emerged? If so when, and what does it look like? What are its topological properties? To what extent is the institutional complex fragmented? The network analysis suggested that multilateral environmental agreements have self-organized into an interlocking system with a complex network structure. Furthermore, the system has defragmented as it coevolved with the increasing complexity and interconnectivity of global environmental challenges. This study demonstrates the need to approach multilateral environmental agreements in the context of a complex networked system, and recommends against assuming the overall institutional structure is fragmented. Proposals for global environmental governance reform should pay attention to this network's emergent polycentric order and complexity and to the implications of these features for the functioning of the multilateral environmental agreement system.  相似文献   

Household level influences on fragmentation in an African park landscape     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

The process of landscape fragmentation outside park borders occurs through the actions of people living near the boundaries. In the Kibale National Park landscape in western Uganda, human-landscape relationships are typified by small-scale subsistence agriculture, in which households rely on resources provided in forests and wetlands, whose use is in turn shaped by perceptions of resource availability. To understand and manage for fragmentation of resource pools, modeling and identifying the proximate drivers, and thus enacted resource extraction and utilization – is of fundamental importance. We combine landscape analysis at the household scale, using remotely sensed data, with household surveys, to understand the potential human drivers of local scale landscape change. We found strong evidence for a local household zone (LHZ) effect on fragmentation patterns with geographical and socioecological heterogeneities in LHZ impact. Differences were influenced by wealth, and in some cases, tribal identity. The perception of crop raiders – primarily baboons and small monkeys, but also elephants and other animals – may have largely shaped human-environment interactions, and were associated with fragmentation. Ninety-two percent of the best fit models included the attitude that the park should stay, but associated it with increased fragmentation, suggesting that the uncharacteristic non-hostile attitude about Kibale does not directly translate into conservation-friendly local human-environment interactions. This study provides insight into park–neighbor interactions and the influence of the LHZ on protected-area landscapes, and it points to important points in the system for collaborative opportunities to engage communities and conservation managers.  相似文献   

Surface roughness of alumina fragments caused by hypervelocity impact     

T. Kadono  J. Kameda  H. Tanaka  A. Fujiwara 《Planetary and Space Science》2006,54(2):212-215

Hypervelocity impact experiments are carried out with alumina ceramic targets at impact velocities of 2-4 km/s. The fractal dimension (or roughness exponent) of fragment surfaces is estimated by two different methods (different length scales). One is a divider method (large scale) and the other is a gas-absorption one (small scale). The obtained fractal dimensions are different: ∼2.2-2.4 for larger scale and ∼2.5-2.7 for smaller scale. These values are regardless of the degree of fragmentation.  相似文献   

Catastrophic fragmentation and formation of families: Preliminary results from a new numerical model     

Paolo Paolicchi  Andrea Verlicchi  Alberto Cellino 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1993,57(1-2):49-56

Preliminary results of an improved version of the semiempirical model for catastrophic break up processes developed by Paolicchi et al., (1989) are presented. Among the several changes with respect to the old version, the most important seem to be related to the new treatment of gravitational effects, including self-compression and reaccumulation of fragments. In particular, the new model is able to analyze processes involving both cm-sized objects, like those studied by means of laboratory experiments, as well as much larger bodies, for which self-gravitational effects are dominant; moreover, in this latter case the model seems in principle adequate to describe with the same physics very different phenomena, like the formation of plausible asteroid families and the creation of single, rapidly spinning, objects. This fact, if confirmed by refined analyses, may be of high importance for our general understanding of asteroid collisional evolution.  相似文献   

珠江口两岸耕地景观破碎化定量分析   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

周静  吴志峰  李定强  胡永红 《热带地理》2005,25(2):107-110

在GIS技术的支持下,利用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS3．0对珠江口两岸耕地资源进行景观破碎化定量分析。研究结果表明,两岸耕地资源碎化程度存在明显的区域差异,珠江口东岸高于西岸,深圳最高,番禺耕地地块数量破碎化与珠海耕地地块形状破碎化程度最低;地貌结构是两岸耕地资源破碎化差异的主要内在因素;快速城市化与工业化占用大量耕地资源同时．在一定程度上影响到两岸耕地资源空间分布特征与耕地资源的完整性。  相似文献   

Assessment of wetland fragmentation in the Tarim River basin, western China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Ruifeng Zhao  Yaning Chen  Huarong Zhou  Yiqing Li  Yibing Qian  Lihua Zhang 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(2):455-464

The wetlands in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are a rich area of biodiversity and natural resources in the inland arid region of China. However, this wetland area has decreased in size during the past several decades. Water quality and biodiversity has declined due to expanded agricultural activities since 1960s. Using remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) techniques, we investigated the dynamics, spatial patterns and fragmentation of the wetlands in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River from 1980 to 2000. We found that the total area of the wetlands was reduced by 45.8% and the density of the patches increased four times from 1980 to 1990. From 1990 to 2000, though the total area of the wetlands slightly increased the number of the patches increased three times and the density of the patches doubled. Based on the analyses of transition matrixes, diversity and fragmentation indexes, and spatial distribution alternation of the wetlands, we found the landscape diversity and fragmentation indices increased while wetland dominance index decreased dramatically. Among the wetland types, the areas of the river-channel, reservoir and pond wetlands increased while the areas of the lake and marsh wetlands decreased continuously.  相似文献