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1.
Conservation and community in the new South Africa: A case study of the Mahushe Shongwe Game Reserve 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Brian H. King 《Geoforum》2007,38(1):207-219
The idealization of natural landscapes and peoples during colonialism, coupled with the popularity of sustainable development in the postcolonial era, has contributed to the expansion of conservation planning throughout the African continent. Concerns surrounding the promotion of national and international conservation agendas at the expense of local livelihood needs have generated interest in community conservation projects that attempt to include local participation and knowledge in natural resource management. The early excitement associated with community conservation has waned in light of recent assessments that it has been unsuccessful in meeting its ecological and social goals. This parallels other research that suggests communities are understood in generic or homogenous ways that influence how these initiatives are understood. Using a case study of the Mahushe Shongwe Game Reserve, this paper evaluates how rural households access environmental and economic resources to produce livelihoods, and how these access patterns impact their views of the project. It is argued that there are significant livelihood variations within the community that shape the ways households engage with, and benefit from, conservation planning. Rather than strictly viewing Mahushe Shongwe as a constraint to environmental resource access or site for limited employment, community members identify a number of benefits from its existence including education and development opportunities. Additionally, transformations in governance systems in the region impact community views of the project since younger residents are less likely to engage with the Matsamo Tribal Authority, which participates in managing the reserve. The consequence is that conservation has various impacts and meanings within a specific community that remain tied to the livelihood and governance systems being renegotiated in the post-apartheid era. 相似文献
2.
Recent studies have identified poverty reduction near parks and protected areas, findings that challenge an extensive literature on the social burdens associated with protected areas. These studies move the discussion on the social dynamics of conservation forward, however, they do not offer insight into the underlying mechanisms that shape household-level outcomes such as income and wealth. By focusing on protected areas as centers of uncertainty, upheaval, and disturbance, this study examines the character and incidence of livelihood diversification within communities near Tarangire National Park in northern Tanzania compared to communities far from the park. Livelihood diversification is well understood as a coping and/or risk mitigation strategy pursued in response to various types of shocks, and uncertainty more generally. This study draws on mixed methodologies to construct multivariate statistical models to estimate the effect of proximity to the park on measures of livelihood diversification. The results indicate that proximity to park is strongly correlated with livelihood diversification, suggesting that households near the park are adapting to opportunities and constraints and may be seeking to reduce variance in income and wealth in response to disturbances and uncertainty associated with the park. 相似文献
3.
Jonathon Collins 《The Australian geographer》2014,45(3):289-307
ABSTRACTBangladesh is at the forefront of countries experiencing and debating climate change, despite having contributed little to global emissions, and has the greatest vulnerability to climate change due to inadequate institutional support for the dense population dispersed in low-lying terrain. A micro-level study of livelihoods in the Panpatti Union, a district of the coastal zone exposed to climate stress and an array of other social, economic and political stresses, demonstrated that adaptation strategies to a range of shocks were both reactive and proactive. The persistent nature of shocks, and the limited margins in which to respond, meant that achieving sustainable long-term livelihoods was unusually difficult. Despite cases of dynamism and flexibility, where livelihoods had been effectively diversified, rural people largely failed to reduce their exposure to vulnerability. That was especially true of extremely poor, landless and female-headed households. In such challenging circumstances external interventions were required to ensure sustainable development, but were unlikely because of the isolation of Panpatti and the number of villages and people in similar circumstances. This emphasised the need to develop a more robust livelihoods framework to support the most vulnerable communities in severe economic and environmental contexts where climate change is likely to exacerbate all existing problems. 相似文献
4.
Livelihood diversification can be crucial for poor rural households in the African Sahel. Migration is a common diversification
strategy during the dry season, but there are also areas with significant strategies on the farm, such as incomes from gum
and resins. Sudan is a country where the income from gum arabic, the gum from the Acacia senegal tree, has played a large economic role for smallholders for generations, but there are signs of a declining production which
is detrimental if people have no alternative incomes. The results showed that in parts of the country, the 1984 drought caused
an event-driven change resulting in a discontinuation of production. However, in other parts of the country, the agricultural
system providing gum arabic proved to be more resilient to the drought and the incomes from gum arabic still play a large
role. The results illustrated a complexity of driving forces, regional differences and a large variability in incomes between
households. Some causes were indirect such as prices, drought, precipitation and locust, whereas the others were direct and
hence more controllable by households. This study underlined the direct causes, such as how labour input is prioritised between
livelihood activities, which have not been given as much attention in previous literature. Secondly, the need for a holistic
view of livelihoods is underlined in order to understand the future of gum arabic production. Empirical data were collected
from extensive fieldwork.
相似文献
| Bodil ElmqvistEmail: |
5.
《Marine Policy》2017
This article addresses the connections between value chain actors in the tropical-marine small-scale fisheries of Zanzibar, Tanzania, to contribute to a better understanding of the fisher-trader link and how connections in general might feed into livelihood security. A sample of 168 fishers and 130 traders was taken across 8 sites through questionnaires and observations. The small-scale fishery system is mapped using a value chain framework both traditionally and from a less economic point of view where the assistance-exchange networks between fishery actors add another layer of complexity. Auxiliary actors previously disregarded emerge from the latter method thus shedding light on the poorly understood distribution of benefits from seafood trade. Female actors participate quite differently, relative to males in the market system, detached from high-value links such as the tourist industry, and access to predetermined or secured sales deals. Data shows that the fisher-trader link is not as one-sided as previously presented. In fact it has a more symbiotic exchange deeply nested in a broader trading and social system. Expanding the analysis from this link by taking a further step downstream highlights traders’ own sales arrangements and the social pressures they are under in realizing them. A complex picture, inclusive of diversified perspectives, on interactions in the market place is presented, as well as a reflection on the remaining critical question: how to integrate this type of data into decisions about future fisheries governance. 相似文献
6.
《Geoforum》2016
In Southeast Asia’s green economy, conservation interventions intensify the production of resources as commodities through land sparing activities and zoning in extensively used landscapes. Such initiatives encounter problems where poor resource users diversify livelihoods in multi-functional landscapes over time. In terms of ‘livelihood bricolage’ – the mixing, matching and building of portfolios – we describe how forest users enhance security by building dynamic livelihood portfolios based on the economic and socio-cultural considerations of place. Philippine case studies show how disrupting livelihood bricolage in multi-functional landscapes with ‘intensifying interventions’ spatially constrains livelihood security and conservation objectives. We conclude that more equitable forest governance supports land sharing with diverse, extensive livelihoods in varied landscapes. 相似文献
7.
《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2008,68(2):210-223
Society could sustain the impact of climate change by adapting to the change and mitigating risks from adverse effects of increasing changes, so that it can continue maintaining its prospect and improving wellbeing. Nevertheless, climate change is more or less affecting society's functions at different scales, including both individuals and communities. In this review, we discuss the relationship between society and climate change in China from the aspects of the needs at different socioeconomic developing stages. The relationship as well as the current spatial pattern and future risks of the climate change impacts on societies are summarized. The complexity of social and climatic systems leads to the spatial heterogeneity of climate impacts and risks in China. To more effectively leverage increasing knowledge about the past, we advocate greater cross-disciplinary collaboration between climate adaption, poverty alleviation and Nature-based Solutions (Nbs). That could provide decision makers with more comprehensive train of thoughts for climate policy making. 相似文献
8.
Livestock is the most important source of income for pastoral livelihoods in drylands. Pastoralists have developed flexible resource utilization strategies that enable them to cope with the high spatio-temporal resource variability typical to these areas. However, climate change in the form of decreasing mean annual precipitation accompanied by increasing variability has important consequences for rangeland productivity and thus pastoral livelihood security. Here, we use a spatial simulation model to assess impacts of changing precipitation regimes, and to identify limits of tolerance for these changes beyond which pastoral livelihoods cannot be secured. We also examine strategies to control these limits.Our results indicate that: (i) while reduced mean annual precipitation always had negative effects, increased precipitation variability can have negative, none or even positive effects, depending on the vegetation's recovery potential. (ii) Depending on income requirements there are limits of tolerance to decreases in mean annual precipitation beyond which precipitation regimes overcharge the coping capacity of the pastoral household and threaten its livelihood. (iii) There are certain strategies, in particular “Increasing mobility” and “Diversifying income for coping with income risks from pastoralism”, that allow the limits of tolerance to be shifted to a certain extent. We conclude that it is important to consider climate change and human requirements together to create appropriate climate change mitigation strategies in pastoral systems. Our results also shed new light on the discussion on disequilibrium rangeland systems by identifying mechanisms that can support fluctuating but non-degrading herbivore-vegetation dynamics. The paper finishes with remarks on the broader potential of the presented modelling approach beyond rangelands. 相似文献
9.
基于可持续生计框架探究旅游开发对拆迁村民生计的影响。以珠海横琴富祥湾新、旧村因长隆国际海洋度假区开发搬迁村户为调查对象,采用访谈法与问卷调查法,对比分析了村民搬迁前后的生计资本、生计策略、生计结果的变化情况,并研究了生计资产→生计策略→生计后果三者的相互作用关系。研究发现：村民搬迁后生计资本和生计结果有明显改善,影响生计策略和生计结果最重要的生计资本是人力资本,其次是金融资本和社会资本。人力资本存在显著优势的村户更容易获益而具有高可持续生计能力;村户利用社会资本优势也可以维系中等程度的生计水平;那些在度假区就业的村户,普遍缺乏生计资本,其生计可持续性较低。拆迁补偿和提供就业仅是维系村民生计的最后的一道保障,引导人力资本的提高才是关键。这需要政府将针对居民的培训以及就业心理干预工作一并纳入拆迁配套政策之中。 相似文献
10.
可持续生计分析研究综述 总被引：27，自引：2，他引：25
可持续生计分析框架是围绕可持续发展而提出的一种新的研究工具,是一种旨在分析社会和物质环境之间多维复杂关系的框架。通过对可持续生计研究中的国外进展的系统阐述和理论总结,较为清晰和全面地把握了可持续生计分析框架的发展轨迹和重要成果,重点阐明了可持续生计分析框架中的脆弱性背景、生计资本、生计战略和生计输出、结构和过程的转变等组分以及它们之间的相互关系,显示出人们如何利用大量的资本、权利和可能的策略去追求某种生计出路的途径。并在此基础上,讨论了可持续生计分析框架在规划确认和设计、规划新的项目和检查评估现有发展活动中的应用;这些研究在扶贫领域具有较强的参照和指导意义。 相似文献