Moving from plot-based to hillslope-scale assessments of savanna vegetation structure with long-range terrestrial laser scanning (LR-TLS)     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

Reliable quantification of savanna vegetation structure is critical for accurate carbon accounting and biodiversity assessment under changing climate and land-use conditions. Inventories of fine-scale vegetation structural attributes are typically conducted from field-based plots or transects, while large-area monitoring relies on a combination of airborne and satellite remote sensing. Both of these approaches have their strengths and limitations, but terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has emerged as the benchmark for vegetation structural parameterization – recording and quantifying 3D structural detail that is not possible from manual field-based or airborne/spaceborne methods. However, traditional TLS approaches suffer from similar spatial constraints as field-based inventories. Given their small areal coverage, standard TLS plots may fail to capture the heterogeneity of landscapes in which they are embedded. Here we test the potential of long-range (>2000 m) terrestrial laser scanning (LR-TLS) to provide rapid and robust assessment of savanna vegetation 3D structure at hillslope scales. We used LR-TLS to sample entire savanna hillslopes from topographic vantage points and collected coincident plot-scale (1 ha) TLS scans at increasing distances from the LR-TLS station. We merged multiple TLS scans at the plot scale to provide the reference structure, and evaluated how 3D metrics derived from LR-TLS deviated from this baseline with increasing distance. Our results show that despite diluted point density and increased beam divergence with distance, LR-TLS can reliably characterize tree height (RMSE = 0.25–1.45 m) and canopy cover (RMSE = 5.67–15.91%) at distances of up to 500 m in open savanna woodlands. When aggregated to the same sampling grain as leading spaceborne vegetation products (10–30 m), our findings show potential for LR-TLS to play a key role in constraining satellite-based structural estimates in savannas over larger areas than traditional TLS sampling can provide.  相似文献   

Multiple longshore sand bars in the upper Chesapeake Bay     

Thomas J. Dolan  Robert G. Dean 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,21(5):727-743

In the upper Chesapeake Bay (Maryland, U.S.A.) field surveys were conducted at 18 multiple longshore sand bar sites. The multiple bar systems were found in water depths less than approximately 2 m (mean sea level), and exhibited mild bottom slopes of 0·0052 or less. The number of bars composing each system ranged from four to 17 and the spacing between the crests typically increased in the offshore direction, ranging from 12 to 70 m. Bar height also typically increased with distance offshore and ranged from 0·03 to 0·61 m. A grain size analysis of crest and trough sediment did not reveal any significant differences and the sediment was categorized as ‘fine sand’. A review of the literature data indicated that the Chesapeake Bay multiple bars possessed similar characteristics to those found in Gelding Bay (Baltic Sea); similarities in fetch, wave height and tidal range between the two bays may account for this finding. The surf-scaling parameter indicated that the multiple bar systems were extremely dissipative with regard to wave energy, and wave height appeared to be an important factor in controlling bar spacing and bar height. A multiple wave break point hypothesis was discussed as a possible mechanism for the formation of Chesapeake Bay multiple longshore bars, and limited observational evidence appeared to support such a mechanism.  相似文献   

High-resolution H i and radio continuum observations of the SNR G290.1−0.8     

Estela M. Reynoso †  Simon Johnston  Anne J. Green  Bärbel S. Koribalski 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,369(1):416-424

We have observed the supernova remnant (SNR) G290.1−0.8 in the 21-cm H  i line and the 20-cm radio continuum using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). The H  i data were combined with data from the Southern Galactic Plane Survey to recover the shortest spatial frequencies. In contrast, H  i absorption was analysed by filtering extended H  i emission, with spatial frequencies shorter than 1.1 kλ. The low-resolution ATCA radio continuum image of the remnant shows considerable internal structure, resembling a network of filaments across its 13-arcmin diameter. A high-resolution ATCA radio continuum image was also constructed to study the small-scale structure in the SNR. It shows that there are no structures smaller than ∼17 arcsec, except perhaps for a bright knot to the south, which is probably an unrelated object. The H  i absorption study shows that the gas distribution and kinematics in front of SNR G290.1−0.8 are complex. We estimate that the SNR probably lies in the Carina arm, at a distance 7 (±1) kpc. In addition, we have studied nearby sources in the observed field using archival multiwavelength data to determine their characteristics.  相似文献   

The Orion nebula (M42) Herbig–Haro object, HH 201, within the tip of a molecular finger     

M. F. Graham  J. Meaburn  M. P. Redman 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,343(2):419-426

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Synthetic SH seismograms in a laterally varying medium by the discrete wavenumber method   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Michel Campillo  Michel Bouchon 《Geophysical Journal International》1985,83(1):307-317

Summary. We present a new method to calculate the SH wavefield produced by a seismic source in a half-space with an irregular buried interface. The diffracting interface is represented by a distribution of body forces. The Green's functions needed to solve the boundary conditions are evaluated using the discrete wavenumber method. Our approach relies on the introduction of a periodicity in the source-medium configuration and on the discretization of the interface at regular spacing. The technique developed is applicable to boundaries of arbitrary shapes and is valid at all frequencies. Some examples of calculation in simple configurations are presented showing the capabilities of the method.  相似文献   

A Simulating Experiment in the Process of Soil Erosion on Bare Land in Mt. Tanakami     

ZHAO Wei  HU Ke  Wang Xikui  Akitsu Kimoto  Takahisa MIZUYAMA 《世界地质(英文版)》2001,4(2)

In order to understand the process of surface erosion and acquire basic data of conditions on hillslope without vege tation, a sprinkling experiment is conducted on a bare slope in Mt. Tanakami in the central part of Japan. Based on the mea surements of runoff, mean soil erosion depth, and sediment yield, etc. , the results suggest the following characteristics in the process of surface erosion in the experimental area. (1) The occurrence of sediment discharge is interrupted; (2) Surface runoff is a saturated overland flow; (3) The mean soil erosion depth is thick compared with other areas in Mt. Tanakami;(4) Sediment discharge process is detachment- limited.  相似文献   

Viscosity of the upper mantle from laboratory creep and anelasticity measurements in peridotite at high pressure and temperature     

Hiroki Sato 《Geophysical Journal International》1991,105(3):587-599

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The hydrological influence of black locust plantations in the loess area of northwest China     

Wang Yanhui 《水文研究》1992,6(2):241-251

Black locust (Robina pseudoacacia) has become one of the most important shelter species in the loess area of northwest China. This paper summarizes recent research concerning its hydrological influence, including canopy interception, litter absorption capacity, its effect on rainfall kinetic energy, infiltration rates, surface runoff, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration, and its role in soil conservation. Several predictive models are listed. on the basis of existing results, optimum characteristics for an effective plantation are defined, and problems requiring further research are identified.  相似文献   

Chandra and RXTE spectroscopy of the Galactic microquasar XTE J1550−564 in outburst     

J. M. Miller  H. L. Marshall  R. Wijnands †  T. Di Matteo  D. W. Fox  J. Kommers  D. Pooley  T. Belloni  J. Casares  P. A. Charles  A. C. Fabian  M. van der Klis  W. H. G. Lewin 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,338(1):7-13

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关于风沙土的一些雏议     

陈惠忠  董光荣 《地理研究》1990,9(3):80-86

本文论述了土壤形成过程中应具有的一些质的特征,从而证明了流动砂丘并非属于土壤,而只是地质作用的非土形成物或成土母质。在此基础上,对流动砂丘上土壤的形成发育演变方向以及在土壤分类中的地位和命名等问题进行了探讨。  相似文献