Damage Survey of Water Supply Systems and Fragility Curve of PVC Water Pipelines in the Chi–Chi Taiwan Earthquake     

Ban-Jwu Shih  Che-Hao Chang 《Natural Hazards》2006,37(1-2):71-85

Substantial damage to water supply systems, including water delivery pipelines, water treatment plants, reservoirs, and water storage tanks, was reported after the 1999 Chi–Chi Taiwan Earthquake. This paper first summarizes the damage survey and then presents the results of seismic fragility analysis for underground pipelines. Construction blueprints of the water delivery pipelines and repair work orders of 11 townships and cities in the disastrous area were digitized into a Geographical Information System (GIS) for analysis and assessment. With the aid of the GIS system, we found that PVC pipes made up 86% of water delivery pipelines while steel, cast iron, ductile iron, PE and others took the rest. Therefore, this paper focuses on the fragility analysis of PVC pipes. Three different methods were applied to derive the fragility relations between the PVC water pipes having nominal diameters (approximately inner diameters) greater than or equal to 65 mm and earthquake intensity parameters such as peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity. The results were then examined with those of other countries. The discrepancy between our results and the empirical equation used by HAZUS, an earthquake loss estimation software developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency was not significant.  相似文献   

Study on the Fragility of Building Structures in Taiwan     

Wen-I Liao  Chin-Hsiung Loh  Keh-Chyuan Tsai 《Natural Hazards》2006,37(1-2):55-69

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八宝喀斯特山区生态环境问题与治理措施   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

郭芳  姜光辉  裴建国 《云南地理环境研究》2003,15(1):80-85

喀斯特峰丛山区生态系统特征有：结构简单，稳定性差，恢复困难等。其生态系统脆弱性表现为：（1）裸露型喀斯特山地坡度陡峻，土壤贫脊，耕地少而分散，水土保持能力差；（2）地下水文网发育导致地表水大量漏失，地下水位埋藏深，难以开采利用；（3）植被树种单一，生长缓慢，资源开发过程中易产生耕作粗放，水土流失，石漠化等环境问题，对其治理和恢复过程应是渐进式的：水－土－林，即首先要科学开发利用各种水资源，同时合理规划利用土地资源，其次要加速生态系统重建，使其形成良性循环发展方式。  相似文献   

Sliding fragility of block‐type non‐structural components. Part 1: Unrestrained components     

D. Lopez Garcia  T. T. Soong 《地震工程与结构动力学》2003,32(1):111-129

Motivated by the development of performance‐based design guidelines with emphasis on both structural and non‐structural systems, this paper focuses on seismic vulnerability assessment of block‐type unrestrained non‐structural components under sliding response on the basis of seismic inputs specified by current seismic codes. Two sliding‐related failure modes are considered: excessive relative displacement and excessive absolute acceleration. It is shown that an upper bound for the absolute acceleration response can be assessed deterministically, for which a simple yet completely general equation is proposed. In contrast, fragility curves are proposed as an appropriate tool to evaluate the excessive relative displacement failure mode. Sample fragility curves developed through Monte‐Carlo simulations show that fragility estimates obtained without taking into account vertical base accelerations can be significantly unconservative, especially for relatively large values of the coefficient of friction. It is also found that reasonable estimates of relative displacement response at stories other than the ground in multistorey buildings cannot in general be obtained by simply scaling the ground acceleration to the peak acceleration at the corresponding storey. Failure modes considered in this study are found to be essentially independent of each other, a property that greatly simplifies assessment of conditional limit states. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The structural role of Ti in aluminosilicate liquids in the glass transition range: insights from heat capacity and shear viscosity measurements     

Mathieu Roskosz  M.J Toplis 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(3):591-606

The shear viscosities and 1 bar heat capacities of glasses and melts along the 67mol% silica isopleth in the system SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Na₂O-TiO₂ have been determined in the temperature ranges 780-1140 K and 305-1090 K respectively. Anomalous behaviour of both these properties is observed for compositions rich in TiO₂ and/or Al₂O₃, an observation attributed to liquid-liquid phase separation followed by anatase crystallization. For samples which do not show anomalous behaviour, it is found that the partial molar heat capacity of the TiO₂ component previously determined in Al-free compositions reproduces our heat capacities to within 1.3%. Viscosity data show that addition of TiO₂ tends to increase viscosity and melt fragility at constant temperature. Furthermore, heat capacity and viscosity data may be combined within the framework of the Adam-Gibbs theory to extract values of the configurational entropy of the liquids and qualitative estimates of the variation of the average energy barrier to viscous flow. Configurational entropy at 900K is inferred to decrease upon addition of TiO₂, in contrast to previous results from Al-free systems. The compositional limit separating normal from anomalous behaviour, as well as the data for homogenous melts have been used to constrain the structural role of Ti in these samples. Our data are consistent with a majority of Ti in five-fold coordination associated with a titanyl bond, in agreement with previous spectroscopic studies. Furthermore, we find no evidence for a Ti-Al interaction in our samples, and we are led to the conclusion that Al and Ti are incompletely mixed, a hypothesis consistent with the observed reduction of configurational entropy upon addition of TiO₂, suggesting an important role of medium range order in controlling the variations in thermodynamic properties.  相似文献   

岩溶生态系统脆弱性研究   总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18  

李阳兵  邵景安  王世杰  魏朝富 《地理科学进展》2006,25(5):1-9

生态系统的脆弱性评价对于生态系统管理具有重要作用。在分析岩溶生态系统脆弱性特 征和影响因素的基础上,构建了针对岩溶自然系统的脆弱性评价指标体系, 涵盖了岩溶生态系统 的结构脆弱性、生态过程脆弱性、生态功能脆弱性和人为胁迫脆弱性4 个方面,评价指标分别是 结构稳定性、多样性生境、能量利用和积累、直接使用价值、石漠化程度和速率等。以不同类型的 原生岩溶生态系统的生态基准值作为比较基础, 评价系统将现有的退化岩溶生态系统的脆弱性 划分为轻微脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱以及系统崩溃4 级。  相似文献   

考虑主余震作用下的核岛厂房结构易损性研究     

赵春风  周磊  于娜  彭涛 《地震工程与工程振动》2021,41(1):113-121

一次强震常伴随着多次余震作用,且时间间隔较短.研究表明,主震诱发的系列余震会对原有结构造成进一步的累积损伤.核岛厂房结构作为核反应堆的最后一道防线,其在服役期间可能遭受主震和余震的累积作用.参考我国现行规范,定义了四类性能水准(PL)和三种极限状态(LS),以混凝土最大应变作为结构破坏指数(DI),以谱加速度Sa作为地...  相似文献   

Seismic fragility methodology for highway bridges using a component level approach     

Bryant G. Nielson  Reginald DesRoches 《地震工程与结构动力学》2007,36(6):823-839

Bridge fragility curves, which express the probability of a bridge reaching a certain damage state for a given ground motion parameter, play an important role in the overall seismic risk assessment of a transportation network. Current analytical methodologies for generating bridge fragility curves do not adequately account for all major contributing bridge components. Studies have shown that for some bridge types, neglecting to account for all of these components can lead to a misrepresentation of the bridges' overall fragilities. In this study, an expanded methodology for the generation of analytical fragility curves for highway bridges is presented. This methodology considers the contribution of the major components of the bridge, such as the columns, bearings and abutments, to its overall bridge system fragility. In particular, this methodology utilizes probability tools to directly estimate the bridge system fragility from the individual component fragilities. This is illustrated using a bridge whose construction and configuration are typical to the Central and Southeastern United States and the results are presented and discussed herein. This study shows that the bridge as a system is more fragile than any one of the individual components. Assuming that the columns represent the entire bridge system can result in errors as large as 50% at higher damage states. This provides support to the assertion that multiple bridge components should be considered in the development of bridge fragility curves. The findings also show that estimation of the bridge fragilities by their first‐order bounds could result in errors of up to 40%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effect of earthquake ground motions on fragility curves of highway bridge piers based on numerical simulation     

Kazi R. Karim  Fumio Yamazaki 《地震工程与结构动力学》2001,30(12):1839-1856

Fragility curves express the probability of structural damage due to earthquakes as a function of ground motion indices, e.g., PGA, PGV. Based on the actual damage data of highway bridges from the 1995 Hyogoken‐Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake, a set of empirical fragility curves was constructed. However, the type of structure, structural performance (static and dynamic) and variation of input ground motion were not considered to construct the empirical fragility curves. In this study, an analytical approach was adopted to construct fragility curves for highway bridge piers of specific bridges. A typical bridge structure was considered and its piers were designed according to the seismic design codes in Japan. Using the strong motion records from Japan and the United States, non‐linear dynamic response analyses were performed, and the damage indices for the bridge piers were obtained. Using the damage indices and ground motion indices, fragility curves for the bridge piers were constructed assuming a lognormal distribution. The analytical fragility curves were compared with the empirical ones. The proposed approach may be used in constructing the fragility curves for highway bridge structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modelling considerations in probabilistic performance‐based seismic evaluation: case study of the I‐880 viaduct     

Sashi K. Kunnath  Leah Larson  Eduardo Miranda 《地震工程与结构动力学》2006,35(1):57-75

Limitations associated with deterministic methods to quantify demands and develop rational acceptance criteria have led to the emergence of probabilistic procedures in performance‐based seismic engineering. The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research performance‐based methodology is one such approach. In this paper, the impact of certain modelling decisions made at different stages of the evaluation process on the performance assessment of a typical multi‐bent viaduct is examined. Modelling, in the context of this paper, covers hazard modelling, structural modelling and loss modelling. The specific application considered in this study is a section of an existing viaduct in California: the I‐880 interstate highway. Several simulation models of the viaduct are developed, a series of nonlinear time‐history analyses are carried out to predict demands, measures of damage are evaluated and the probability of closure of the viaduct is estimated using the specified hazard for the site. It is concluded that the methodology offers several advantages over existing deterministic performance‐based procedures. Results of the investigation indicate that the assessment methodology is particularly sensitive to the reliability of decisions made by bridge inspectors following a seismic event, and to the dispersion in the demand estimation, which in turn is influenced by several factors including soil–structure interaction effects and ground motion scaling procedures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献