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The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data. 相似文献
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Diel variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within lotic systems has been reported on numerous occasions. However, to our knowledge there has been no published work on diel DOC variation within lowland rivers during high flow events. We sampled DOC at 4 h intervals from two sites across two distinct flow regimes in the regulated lower Namoi River, Australia. This included a large flood (mean flow 224 m3 s−1 and a peak flow of 376 m3 s−1) sampled every 4 h for 10 consecutive days. DOC concentrations were significantly greater at night than during the day (P < 0.05) and the mean DOC concentration was 23.4 mg L−1 at night compared to 18.9 mg L−1 during daylight hours. The magnitude and duration of flow within this lowland river system and the mobilisation of large quantities of allochthonous carbon appeared to play a role in increasing DOC concentration and the diel difference. 相似文献
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The limited knowledge of the variations,both spatial and temporal,of the flow patterns at the watershed level invariably leads to poor space management,generating great and often irreversible damage.Therefore,measuring peak flows appears to be not only important but even essential.Due to the absence of hydrometric stations at the outlet of the sub-basins that are part of comprehensive prevention strategy,and were established because of the high vulnerability of the city of Batna,this study provides a transformation model of rainfall into flows in the Batna watershed.This work aims to model the transformation of rainfall into flows.To estimate the Q max,two formulas were used,and Turazza's seems to be the most adequate,because it demonstrates a cumulative sub-basins flow close to the result recorded by the only hydrometric station at the outlet of Batna Watershed.From this modeling,it is possible to estimate the extreme quantiles with the return periods of 10,20,50 and 100 years for each sub-basin.Its purpose is to help design of hydraulic works and increase the resilience of development projects that might be exposed to floods. 相似文献
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本文对贵州省68个土壤湿度站和降水资料做的相关性分析,结果表明土壤湿度与降水的相关性体现在集中降水的同步对应关系和持续性降水的滞后相关关系上,土壤湿度与前期降水的正相关关系随前期降水日数的累积而增加,且在4-6日左右达到稳定。基于遵义地区28例降水型滑坡泥石流灾害个例分型讨论了土壤湿度增量的垂直分布和水平分布特征,说明在引入模型时应该主要考虑表层（10~20cm）的土壤湿度的变量累计,根据降水类型的不同需要分型讨论变量引入模型的统计时段。在以上研究基础上,建立了能够同时反映降水和土壤湿度中短期变化特征的降水型滑坡泥石流前兆“强信号”指标模型。模型分集中降水型和分散降水型两种情况,并包括降水变量和土壤湿度变量两项,分散型模型的统计时段为灾害日前两日内,集中型模型的统计时段为灾害日前6日内,权重系数根据研究地区的降水类型、土壤类型和田间持水量等相关因素的配置综合考虑和调整的后确定的经验系数。对遵义地区23个个例建立模型并检验的结果较好。 相似文献
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Ninad?R.?BondreEmail author Raymond?A.?Duraiswami Gauri?Dole 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2004,66(1):29-45
The present study is probably the first of its kind in the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) that deals in detail with the morphology and emplacement of the Deccan Trap flows, and employs modern terminology and concepts of flow emplacement. We describe in detail the two major types of flows that occur in this province. Compound pahoehoe flows, similar to those in Hawaii and the Columbia River Basalts (CRB) constitute the older stratigraphic Formations. These are thick flows, displaying the entire range of pahoehoe morphology including inflated sheets, hummocky flows, and tumuli. In general, they show the same three-part structure associated with pahoehoe flows from other provinces. However, in contrast to the CRB, pahoehoe lobes in the DVP are smaller, and hummocky flows are quite common. 'Simple' flows occur in the younger Formations and form extensive sheets capped by highly vesicular, weathered crusts, or flow-top breccias. These flows have few analogues in other provinces. Although considered to be a'a flows by previous workers, the present study clearly reveals that the simple flows differ considerably from typical a'a flows, especially those of the proximal variety. This is very significant in the context of models of flood basalt emplacement. At the same time, they do not display direct evidence of endogenous growth. Understanding the emplacement of these flows will go a long way in determining whether all extensive flows are indeed inflated flows, as has recently been postulated.Most of the studies relating to the emplacement of Continental Flood Basalt (CFB) lavas have relied on observations of flows from the CRB. Much of the current controversy surrounding the emplacement of CFB flows centers around the comparison of Hawaiian lava flows to those from the CRB. We demonstrate that the DVP displays a variety of lava features that are similar to those from the CRB as well as those from Hawaii. This suggests that there may have been more than one mechanism or style for the emplacement of CFB flows. These need to be taken into account before arriving at any general model for flood basalt emplacement.Editorial responsibility: T. Druitt 相似文献
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中国区域开发模式的选择 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
本文通过资本流动对中国区域开发的作用研究,概括了中国传统区域发模式——“内陆均富”和“沿海先富”及其存在问题,运用西方现代区域发展理论构造了一个以城市为主体的新型区域开发模式. 相似文献
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