Introduction Concerning about research on grouped-earthquake seismogenic and occurrence, at present it is only limited on the stage of the theoretical analysis and numerical model. For instance, ZHANG (1987) simulated the grouped-earthquake generation and physical mechanism making use of spring-block principle. Applying for non-linear dynamic model, referring to Chinese continental plate as object, LI, et al (1997) performed the numerical simulation on the seismogenic and occurring of group… 相似文献
Summary This paper investigates the processes of joint surface damage and near-surface intact rock tensile failure using a hybrid
FEM/DEM code. Selected Barton and Choubey JRC profiles were simulated in direct shear tests and the surface damage mechanisms
investigated in terms of joint surface wear or tensile fracturing of intact rock along the joint plane. Shear strength and
displacement profiles for each joint profile are numerically simulated. Numerical results agree closely with published experimental
observations. Furthermore, results show that dilation along the joint is controlled dominantly by the joint surface geometry
and the applied normal stress. Significant dilation is expected to occur where there is a large asperity provided the applied
normal stress is low. In this case, joint surface damage is limited to surface wear. In contrast, when the applied normal
stress is high, dilation will be low and damage is composed of both surface wear and asperity breakage through near-joint-surface
intact rock tensile failure. Local joint dilation angles vary in proportion to the magnitude of the dilation. Several joint
profiles with different geometrical configurations were simulated within a slope and the possible modes of joint surface damage
were investigated. It was found that due to low normal stresses acting on the joint surfaces within a slope the dominant mode
of joint surface damage is by yielding and surface wear of asperities.
Authors’ address: Amir Karami, Golder Associates Ltd., 4260 Still Creek Drive, Suite 500, Burnaby, Vancouver, British Columbia,
BC V5C 6C6 Canada 相似文献
Summary. An asperity model is presented, including the effects of coupled elementary faults. This coupling is introduced by way of percolation theory. We postulate that the elementary faults have a typical size, whose dimensions are of order 0.3–0.4 km, and two kinds of characteristic earthquakes are obtained, one in the low magnitude range involving the rupture of a single elementary fault, and one in the high magnitude range involving a percolated cluster of faultlets, whose dimensions are proportional to the total fault. The magnitude–frequency relation of this model is constructed and the Gutenberg–Richter relation is obtained with a b value of 1 in the range of intermediate earthquakes. A relative enhancement in the probability of occurrence of large earthquakes is also observed. This effect is associated with 'characteristic earthquakes', whose magnitudes are related to the size of the active fault. Possible premonitors are discussed. 相似文献
The October 6/2000 Tottori earthquake that occurred in central Japan was an intermediate size strike-slip event that produced a very large number of near field strong motion recordings. The large amount of recorded data provides a unique opportunity for investigating a source asperity model of the Tottori earthquake that, combined with a hybrid strong motion simulation technique, is able to reproduce the observed broadband frequency near-fault ground motion.
We investigated the optimum source asperity parameters of the Tottori earthquake, by applying a Genetic Algorithm (GA) inversion scheme to optimise the fitting between simulated and observed response spectra and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values. We constrained the initial model of our inversion by using the heterogeneous slip distribution obtained from a kinematic inversion of the source of previous studies. We used all the observed near-fault ground motions (−100 m) from the borehole strong motion network of Japan (KiK-Net), which are little affected by surficial geology (site effects).
The calculation of broadband frequency strong ground motion (0.1–10 Hz) is achieved by applying a hybrid technique that combines a deterministic simulation of the wave propagation for the low frequencies and a semi-stochastic modelling approach for the high frequencies. For the simulation of the high frequencies, we introduce a frequency-dependent radiation pattern model that efficiently removes the dependence of the pattern coefficient on the azimuth and take-off angle as the frequency increases. The good agreement between the observed and simulated broadband ground motions shows that our inversion procedure is successful in estimating the optimum asperity parameters of the Tottori earthquake and provides a good test for the strong ground motion simulation technique.
The ratio of background stress drop to average asperity stress drop from our inversion is nearly 50%, in agreement with the theoretical asperity model of Das and Kostrov [Das, S., Kostrov, B.V., 1986. Fracture of a single asperity on a finite fault: a model for weak earthquakes? Earthquake Source Mechanics, AGU, pp. 91–96.], and an empirical ratio of asperities to rupture area [Seismol. Res. Lett. 70 (1999) 59–80.].
The simulated radiation pattern is very complex for epicentral distances within half the fault length, but it approaches the radiation of a double-couple point source for larger distances.
The rupture velocity and rise time have a significant influence on the Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) distribution around the fault. An increase in rupture velocity produces a similar effect on the ground motion as a reduction in rise time. 相似文献
It has been found that the large velocity pulse is one of the most important characteristics of near-fault strong ground motions. Some statistical relationships between pulse period and the moment magnitude for near-fault strong ground motions have been established by Somerville （1998）; Alavi and Krawinkler （2000）; and Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou （2003）, where no variety of rupture velocity, fault depth, and fault distance, etc. were considered. Since near-fault ground motions are significantly influenced by the rupture process and source parameters, the effects of some source parameters on the amplitude and the period ofa forward-directivity velocity pulse in a half space are analyzed by the finite difference method combined with the kinematic source model in this paper. The study shows that the rupture velocity, fault depth, position of the initial rupture point and distribution of asperities are the most important parameters to the velocity pulse. Generally, the pulse period decreases and the pulse amplitude increases as the rupture velocity increases for shallow crustal earthquakes. In a definite region besides the fault trace, the pulse period increases as the fault depth increases. For a uniform strike slip fault, rupture initiating from one end of a fault and propagating to the other always generates a higher pulse amplitude and longer pulse period than in other cases. 相似文献
1 Introduction Earthquake disaster investigations show that numerous strong earthquakes were caused by remobilization of active faults. Major casualties and severe damage to buildings as well as signi?cant economic losses resulted from the ground motions of strongearthquakescausedbyactivefaultslocatedbeneath urban areas. Recently, the potential hazard prediction of and its mitigation against active faults located beneath urban areas have become an important research topic for seismologists and… 相似文献
Summary A tensile fracture of about 1 m in length was created by indenting wedges in a block of granite, and the heights of the two
fracture surfaces were measured using a large, non-contact surface profile measurement system with a laser profilometer to
determine the aperture distribution of the fracture. Based on the measured data, the frequency characteristics of the asperity
heights, the initial aperture (the aperture when the surfaces are in contact at a single point), and the size effect on the
statistical properties were analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows:
1.
The relation between the power spectral density of the fracture surface and the spatial frequency shows linearity on a log–log
plot and thus the fracture surfaces can be assumed to be fractal object. On the other hand, the power spectral of the initial
aperture becomes almost constant for wavelengths greater than about 100 mm. Thus, the matedness between the two surfaces of
a fracture of 1 m monotonously increases with wavelength.
2.
The standard deviation of the initial aperture increases with fracture size until the fracture size is about 200 mm, beyond
which the standard deviation is almost independent of the fracture size. On the other hand, the mean initial aperture still
increases when the fracture size exceeds 200 mm, since the initial aperture depends on the minimum value of the aperture,
which decreases with the number of data points.
Authors’ address: Dr. Kiyotoshi Sakaguchi, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-20 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan 相似文献
