基于树木地貌法重建崩塌历史事件——-以川东华蓥山石林为例     

王锐  马超  王云琦  王玉杰 《山地学报》2020,38(1):132-141

了解崩塌活动史与区域气候变化之间的关系对于掌握区域山地灾害形成规律,预测未来发展趋势具有非常重要的作用。利用树木地貌法可以准确掌握山地灾害发生频率,并为定量分析气候变化对山地灾害发生发展趋势提供支撑。本文以川东华蓥山石林景区一大型崩塌为研究对象,通过杉木树木年轮、降水和气温数据对该崩塌活动时间进行分析。结果表明:该崩塌可能共有四个活动年份,2015年为大规模活动年份,2008年、2012年和2016年为小规模活动年份,崩塌活动的季节主要集中在早材期间(4月—9月)。基于滚石冲击树干产生的愈伤组织和标准木年轮对比表明:树木在受到滚石冲击后,都表现为生长抑制,且树木年轮宽度要滞后滚石活动1年。参考树木与干扰树木年轮宽度和月降雨量没有相关性,但干扰树木年轮与月平均气温(4月—9月)呈负相关关系。本研究结果可以为研究区内山地灾害活动史与气候变化关系提供支撑,尤其是为研究区域降雨诱发的崩塌活动规律提供借鉴。  相似文献   

落石冲击混凝土棚洞力学特性研究     

陈泰江  章广成  向欣 《岩土力学》2022,43(1):277-285

落石冲击棚洞结构作用过程复杂,缺乏统一的落石冲击力表达式。首先,将落石简化为刚性球体,基于Hertz接触理论,推导得到落石冲击力半正弦算法的理论表达式,考虑落石冲击下棚洞的非弹性特征,根据落石与材料碰撞过程中落石加速度曲线特征,采用函数拟合法推导得到落石法向冲击下其冲击力的理论计算方法;然后,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立落石冲击棚洞数值计算模型,研究不同冲击速度下落石冲击棚洞动力特征;最后,与现存常见的多种方法进行对比,得出以下结论：Hertz半正弦法得到的落石冲击力远大于函数拟合法和数值法,而函数拟合法和数值法得到的落石冲击力时程曲线相接近,表明函数拟合法更能反映落石与棚洞接触碰撞动力关系;对比其他计算方法可以得到,Hertz算法适用于分析无能量损失下的弹性碰撞问题,而Logistic算法适用于材料大塑性变形的情况,弹塑性接触理论结果和动力有限元结果存在差异,而采用函数拟合推导的计算方法得到的落石最大冲击力和落石冲击作用时间与动力有限元法更接近,更能反映落石冲击棚洞动力响应特征,推导的落石冲击力计算方法可为工程实践中棚洞防护设计提供理论参考。  相似文献   

西南山区某铁路隧道口高位落石三维运动特征分析     

王栋  王剑锋  李天斌  曾鹏  马俊杰  陈伟 《地质力学学报》2021,27(1):96-104

西南山区某铁路隧道口上部广泛分布着高位危岩体,对下部隧道建(构)造物具有严重的威胁。采用Rockfall Analyst软件对该隧道上部五类不同尺寸的高位危岩体进行三维运动轨迹数值模拟,研究表明:研究区的高位危岩落石具有弹跳高度大、速度快、冲击能量高的特点;弹跳高度、运动速度与危岩落石的质量无关,冲击能量大小与落石质量成正比。分析表明:该地区高位危岩体的防护应避免单一防护措施,建议综合使用多种防护措施。  相似文献   

落石冲击混凝土板与缓冲层组合结构的动力响应          下载免费PDF全文

吴建利  胡卸文  梅雪峰  许泽鹏  罗刚  韩玫 《水文地质工程地质》2021,48(1):78-87

钢筋混凝土（RC）板与一定厚度的土颗粒缓冲层组合结构被广泛用于山区高位单体及群发性崩塌落石的防治,为研究此类防护结构在落石作用下的冲击力衰减规律及RC板的破坏模式,开展了室外系列落石冲击试验。结果表明,增大缓冲层厚度能够有效减小最大冲击力,峰值加速度随缓冲层厚度减小而增大,尤其在缓冲层厚度为0.1 m及0.2 m时,最大值急剧增大,峰值加速度与缓冲层厚度的变化满足指数函数关系;根据量纲分析原理得到缓冲层最大冲击深度与动能的平方成正比、与最大入射冲击力成反比的计算公式,且与实测值较吻合;入射冲击力在缓冲层内的衰减率随缓冲层厚度的增加以指数函数递增,在0.6 m缓冲层厚度下可使峰值冲击力衰减70%左右;随累积冲击能级的增大,RC板经历了弯曲起裂及扩展、次级弯曲裂纹和剪裂纹产生及跨中弯曲裂纹贯通的过程,试验结束时RC板整体表现出典型的弯曲破坏特征。  相似文献   

Dating of rockfall damage in trees yields insights into meteorological triggers of process activity in the French Alps     

R. Mainieri  C. Corona  J. Chartoire  N. Eckert  J. Lopez-Saez  M. Stoffel  F. Bourrier 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(10):2235-2250

Rockfall release is a rather unpredictable process. As a result, the occurrence of rockfall often threatens humans and (infra)structures. The assessment of potential drivers of rockfall activity therefore remains a major challenge, even if the relative influence of rainfall, snowmelt, or freeze–thaw cycles has long been identified in short-term monitoring projects. In the absence of longer-term assessments of rockfall triggers and possible changes thereof, our knowledge of rockfall dynamics remains still lacunary as a result of the persisting scarcity of exhaustive and precise rockfall databases. Over the last decades, several studies have employed growth disturbances (GDs) in tree-ring series to reconstruct rockfall activity. Paradoxically, these series were only rarely compared to meteorological records. In this study, we capitalize on the homogeneity of a centennial-old reforestation plot to develop two reconstructions – R1 including only growth suppressions, and R2 based on injuries – with limited biases related to decreasing sample size and changes in exposed diameters back in time. By doing so, our study also and quite clearly highlights the large potential that protection forests have in terms of yielding reliable, multidecadal rockfall reconstructions. From a methodological perspective, we find no synchronicity between R1 and R2, as well as an absence of meteorological controls on rockfall processes in R1. This observation pleads for a careful selection of GDs in future reconstructions. In terms of process dynamics, we demonstrate that summer intense rainfall events (>10 mm day⁻¹) are the main drivers for rockfall activity at our study site. Despite the stringency of our detection procedure, correlations between rockfall activity and meteorological variables remain comparable to those reported in previous studies, as a result of the complexity and multiplicity of triggering factors. We therefore call for a more systematic coupling of tree-ring analysis with rockfall and microclimatic monitoring in future studies. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF TALUS ACTIVITY – A LICHENOMETRIC APPROACH IN THE STUBAIER ALPS,AUSTRIA     

OLIVER SASS 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2010,92(3):375-391

Lichenometric measurements using Rhizocarpon ssp. were carried out on 20 talus slopes in the cirques of the Finstertal valley (Austria) at an elevation of 2300–3000 m a.s.l. The aim was to assess activity patterns on selected slopes and between the slopes of the study area, to find evidence of rockfall pulses in the last centuries and to calculate rockwall retreat rates. A calibration curve was derived from five sites of known age and adapted to the prevailing size of talus boulders. We measured the five largest lichens on more than 300 boulders and the percentage coverage of Rhizocarpon‐free clasts on more than 1000 test fields. Most of the investigated talus cones are characterized by moderate rockfall supply, with the apex being more active than the talus foot and moderate redistribution by avalanche and debris flows. Considerably enhanced activity was found under rockwalls influenced by permafrost, particularly on the north faces at an elevation of >2600 m a.s.l. At currently moderately active sites, boulder falls seem to have been slightly more frequent in the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. In positions where permafrost is expected in the rockwalls, a weak maximum in the late nineteenth century and highly active present‐day conditions were found, the latter being assigned to current permafrost melt. Rockwall retreat rates derived from lichen coverage are between 400 and 1500 mm/ka which is in good concurrence with talus volume assessments, but higher than the rates derived from direct rockfall measurements. The rates derived from lichen coverage have to be taken with caution as the effects of debris redistribution are hard to quantify.  相似文献   

边坡滚石运动学参数敏感性     

于怀昌  余宏明  刘汉东 《山地学报》2010,28(2)

滚石是边坡工程中一种常见的动力地质灾害.正确估算滚石运动轨迹是经济合理地进行防护结构设计的基础.滚石运动轨迹受多种参数的影响,准确把握各运动学参数对防护结构设计控制指标的敏感性,可以更加有针对性地进行滚石灾害防治工作.因此,将正交试验设计与基于运动学的滚石运动轨迹数值计算方法相结合,以景(德镇)鹰(潭)高速公路DK27+120里程附近边坡滚石灾害为例,将3类防护结构设计控制指标作为试验指标,将5种影响滚石运动轨迹的参数作为试验因素,应用正交试验表安排滚石运动轨迹数值计算试验,进行3指标5因素正交试验.通过试验结果的极差分析与方差分析,对滚石运动学参数的敏感性以及显著性进行分析和检验,确定影响防护结构设计控制指标的主要参数,为滚石灾害的防治提供科学依据.  相似文献   

重庆甑子岩崩塌落石动力学特征及危险性分区          下载免费PDF全文

孙敬辉  石豫川 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2019,30(3):6-11

针对重庆市南川区甑子岩危岩体面临的崩塌地质灾害问题,分析不同高度、不同规模的危岩体对东侧居民区的落石风险及危害性。以甑子岩处岩质边坡为研究对象,根据其结构面发育情况及崩塌落石特征确定模型尺寸,运用RocFall软件对崩塌落石的能量、速度、运动轨迹、落点位置及冲击力等进行模拟计算。以此对崩塌落石区进行落石风险评估,根据崩塌落石的动量和动能,按最危险原则法将崩塌落石的危险性分区,分为Ⅰ危险性极大、Ⅱ危险性大、Ⅲ危险性一般、Ⅳ危险性较小、Ⅴ无危险五个分区,并将此分区应用于甑子岩危岩体,评价崩子岩危岩体居民区的落石风险及危险性,确保居民安全。通过对崩塌落石区的危险性分区,可以用来指导居民区的安置和防护措施。  相似文献   

Erosional power in the Swiss Alps: characterization of slope failure in the Illgraben   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G.L. Bennett  P. Molnar  H. Eisenbeiss  B.W. McArdell 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(15):1627-1640

Landslides and rockfalls are key geomorphic processes in mountain basins. Their quantification and characterization are critical for understanding the processes of slope failure and their contributions to erosion and landscape evolution. We used digital photogrammetry to produce a multi‐temporal record of erosion (1963–2005) of a rock slope at the head of the Illgraben, a very active catchment prone to debris flows in Switzerland. Slope failures affect 70% of the study slope and erode the slope at an average rate of 0.39 ± 0.03 m yr¯¹. The analysis of individual slope failures yielded an inventory of ~2500 failures ranging over 6 orders of magnitude in volume, despite the small slope area and short study period. The slope failures form a characteristic magnitude–frequency distribution with a rollover and a power‐law tail between ~200 m³ and 1.6 × 10⁶ m³ with an exponent of 1.65. Slope failure volume scales with area as a power law with an exponent of 1.1. Both values are low for studies of bedrock landslides and rockfall and result from the highly fractured and weathered state of the quartzitic bedrock. Our data suggest that the magnitude–frequency distribution is the result of two separate slope failure processes. Type (1) failures are frequent, small slides and slumps within the weathered layer of highly fractured rock and loose sediment, and make up the rollover. Type (2) failures are less frequent and larger rockslides and rockfalls within the internal bedded and fractured slope along pre‐determined potential failure surfaces, and make up the power‐law tail. Rockslides and rockfalls of high magnitude and relatively low frequency make up 99% of the total failure volume and are thus responsible for the high erosion rate. They are also significant in the context of landscape evolution as they occur on slopes above 45° and limit the relief of the slope. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Runout analysis of a large rockfall in the Dolomites/Italian Alps using LIDAR derived particle sizes and shapes     

Florian Haas  Tobias Heckmann  Volker Wichmann  Michael Becht 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(13):1444-1455

LiDAR data were used to quantify and analyse a rockfall event which occurred in 2003 in the Western Dolomites (Italian Alps). In addition to previously existing airborne laserscanning (ALS) data, high resolution terrestrial laserscanning (TLS) data were collected. By using the original point clouds, the volume, axial ratio and runout length of single boulders as well as the surface roughness in the runout zone of the rockfall were derived. The total volume of the rockfall event of approximately 10 000 m³ was estimated by a reconstruction of the pre‐event surface at the detachment zone. The analysis of the laser scanning data of the accumulation zone revealed a power law scaling for boulder volumes larger than 8 m³. The dependence of runout length on boulder volume is complex; it is moderated by particle sphericity. In addition, we used ALS and TLS data to derive the spatial distribution of surface roughness on the talus cone. TLS allow for more accurate roughness mapping than ALS data, but for most applications the point density of ALS data seems to be sufficiently high to derive measures of roughness. Different sampling approaches for plane fitting on the scale of 5 m did not show significant effects besides the computational time. The results of our analyses provide important perspectives for rockfall modelling and process understanding with potential applications in both ‘applied’ (natural hazards) and ‘pure’ geomorphological research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献