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《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(4):1381-1402
The influence of water is evaluated in this last contribution of a series aiming to study the petrological and dynamic evolution of mantle melting. Water is considered to be either a chemical component in the melt or solid assemblage but it can also be present as a pure water phase in a oversaturated environment. A three-phase-flow model was developed for this purpose.Only a limited set of conditions has been applied to the 1-D upwelling mantle column. A range of fixed temperatures (1150–1450 °C) and water contents in the solid mantle (0, 0.02 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%) have been imposed at the entry point (120 km deep) for the two melting models introduced in the previous installments, dynamic equilibrium melting (DEM) and dynamic fractional melting (DFM) model.As expected, for a given temperature at the base of the mantle column, the depth of the first melt formation increases with higher water content in the mantle. After the first melt is created, very negligible amount of melt is formed over a certain depth interval which approximately ends at the depth where the first melting of the dry mantle would take place. However melt is present as a dynamic phase thorough the entire region regardless whether the DEM or DFM model has been applied.Under a quasi-steady state regime, the melt and residual mantle compositions vary significantly over depth, depending on the conditions imposed to the model (DEM, DFM, bottom temperature and water content). Several distinctions can be made at the extraction point (top of the mantle column = 15 km deep). For DEM and DFM models at this lowest depth, the most influential factor affecting the melt composition after the quasi-steady state condition has been reached is the temperature at the base of the column. In general, for a high temperature model, the input water in the mantle does not seem to play a significant role on the bulk composition of the melt (except for the water content in melt). But at low temperature water does have some noticeable influence on the variation of some chemical components in melt (, , , at T = 1250 °C or lower). A similar conclusion can be made also for the residual mantle composition. The presence of a dynamic free water phase is detected only in absence of melt or in coexistence with a melt phase when the mantle is relatively cold (bottom temperature 1250 °C) and the input water content at the base of the model is relatively high (0.2 wt.%).Complete output data for several numerical simulations and six animations illustrating various melting models are available following the instructions in the supplementary material. 相似文献
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陕西华阳川铀-多金属矿床晶质铀矿电子探针U-Th-Pb化学定年及其地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华阳川铀-多金属矿床位于小秦岭陆内造山带内,以铀铌铅为主,并伴生稀有、稀土元素矿化,含矿脉岩主要有伟晶岩和碳酸岩。文章利用电子探针U-Th-Pb化学定年技术对华阳川铀-多金属矿床中晶质铀矿开展了定年工作,并获得了2组U-Th-Pb年龄。第一组晶质铀矿加权平均年龄为(221.9±5.1)Ma(MSWD=0.36,n=18),该区印支期老牛山岩体及邻近的黄龙铺钼矿床、黄水庵钼矿床年龄均集中在220 Ma左右,说明晚三叠世是东秦岭地区一个重要的成岩成矿时代,华阳川铀-多金属矿床在220 Ma左右也发育一期铀-铌成矿作用。第二组晶质铀矿加权平均年龄为(137.1±2.0)Ma (MSWD=1.06,n=47),指示了华阳川铀-多金属矿床存在白垩纪的一期铀-铌活化-沉淀事件。测定的2组晶质铀矿化学年龄可能分别记录了该区自晚三叠世开始的后碰撞伸展环境和早白垩世的造山后伸展环境。 相似文献
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I. L. Nedosekova 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2007,49(2):129-146
Carbonatites that are hosted in metamorphosed ultramafic massifs in the roof of miaskite intrusions of the Il’mensky-Vishnevogorsky alkaline complex are considered. Carbonatites have been revealed in the Buldym, Khaldikha, Spirikha, and Kagan massifs. The geological setting, structure of carbonatite bodies, distribution of accessory rare-metal mineralization, typomorphism of rock-forming minerals, geochemistry, and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions are discussed. Dolomite-calcite carbonatites hosted in ultramafic rocks contain tetraferriphlogopite, richterite, accessory zircon, apatite, magnetite, ilmenite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, and pyrochlore. According to geothermometric data and the composition of rock-forming minerals, the dolomite-calcite carbonatites were formed under K-feldspar-calcite, albite-calcite, and amphibole-dolomite-calcite facies conditions at 575–300°C. The Buldym pyrochlore deposit is related to carbonatites of these facies. In addition, dolomite carbonatites with accessory Nb and REE mineralization (monazite, aeschynite, allanite, REE-pyrochlore, and columbite) are hosted in ultramafic massifs. The dolomite carbonatites were formed under chlorite-sericite-ankerite facies conditions at 300–200°C. The Spirikha REE deposit is related to dolomite carbonatite and alkaline metasomatic rocks. It has been established that carbonatites hosted in ultramafic rocks are characterized by high Sr, Ba, and LREE contents and variable Nb, Zr, Ti, V, and Th contents similar to the geochemical attributes of calcio-and magnesiocarbonatites. The low initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7044?0.7045 and εNd ranging from 0.65 to ?3.3 testify to their derivation from a deep mantle source of EM1 type. 相似文献
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Characteristic Features of REE and Pb–Zn–Ag Mineralizations in the Na Son Deposit,Northeastern Vietnam 
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下载免费PDF全文 Can Pham‐Ngoc Daizo Ishiyama Tuan Anh Tran Mihoko Hoshino Sachihiro Taguchi 《Resource Geology》2016,66(4):404-418
The Na Son deposit is a small‐scale Pb–ZnPb–Zn–Ag deposit in northeast Vietnam and consists of biotite–chlorite schist, reddish altered rocks, quartz veins and syenite. The biotite–chlorite schist is intruded by syenite. Reddish altered rocks occur as an alteration halo between the biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz veins and the biotite–chlorite schist. Allanite occurs in the biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz veins and in the proximal reddish altered rocks. Rare earth element (REE) fluorocarbonate minerals occur along fractures or at rim of allanite crystals. The later horizontal aggregates of sulfide veins and veinlets cut the earlier reddish altered rocks. The earlier Pb–Zn veins consist of a large amount of galena and lesser amounts of sphalerite, pyrite and molybdenite. The later Cu veins cutting the Pb–Zn veins include chalcopyrite and lesser amounts of tetrahedrite and pyrite. The occurrences of two‐phase H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions in quartz from biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz veins and REE‐bearing fluorocarbonate minerals in allanite suggest the presence of CO2 and F in the hydrothermal fluid. The oxygen isotopic ratios of the reddish altered rocks, biotite–chlorite schist, and syenite range from +13.9 to +14.9 ‰, +11.5 to +13.3 ‰, and +10.1 to +11.6 ‰, respectively. Assuming an isotopic equilibrium between quartz (+14.6 to +15.8 ‰) and biotite (+8.6 ‰) in the biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz vein, formation temperature was estimated to be 400°C. At 400°C, δ18O values of the hydrothermal fluid in equilibrium with quartz and biotite range from +10.5 to +11.7 ‰. These δ18O values are consistent with fluid that is derived from metamorphism. Assuming an isotopic equilibrium between galena (+1.5 to +1.7 ‰) and chalcopyrite (+3.4 ‰), the formation temperature was estimated to be approximately 300°C. The formation temperature of the Na Son deposit decreased with the progress of mineralization. Based on the geological data, occurrence of REE‐bearing minerals and oxygen isotopic ratios, the REE mineralization is thought to result from interaction between biotite–chlorite schist and REE‐, CO2‐ and F‐bearing metamorphic fluid at 400°C under a rock‐dominant condition. 相似文献
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The composition of accessory REE minerals (allanite, chevkinite, fergusonite, and REE carbonates) in alkaline metasomatic rocks of the Main Sayan Fault (quartz-albite-microcline-riebeckite-aegirine, quartzalbite-microcline-magnetite, and clinopyroxene-albite) was studied using back-scattered scanning electron microscopy. Chevkinite occurs only in quartz-albite-microline metasomatic rock. The paragenesis of allanite and titanite is stable in clinopyroxene-albite metasomatic rocks. Allanite and fergusonite are typical of all zones of the metasomatic column. Chevkinite and allanite are often altered due to interaction with hydrothermal fluid and lose some amount of LREE. Secondary bastnaesite, synchysite, and ancylite are formed after allanite, while secondary monazite is developed after chevkinite. Presumably, the low-temperature alteration of allanite and chevkinite under effect of F?, CO 3 2? , and P 4 3? -bearing fluids had not any significant manifestation in the total REE content in metasomatic rocks. 相似文献
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《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(5):1669-1680
Anomalous topographic swells and Cenozoic volcanism in east Africa have been associated with mantle plumes.Several models involving one or more fixed plumes beneath the northeastward migrating African plate have been suggested to explain the space-time distribution of magmatism in east Africa.We devise paleogeographically constrained global models of mantle convection and,based on the evolution of flow in the deepest lower mantle,show that the Afar plume migrated southward throughout its lifetime.The models suggest that the mobile Afar plume provides a dynamically consistent explanation for the spatial extent of the southward propagation of the east African rift system(EARS),which is difficult to explain by the northeastward migration of Africa over one or more fixed plumes alone,over the last≈45 Myr.We further show that the age-progression of volcanism associated with the southward propagation of EARS is consistent with the apparent surface hotspot motion that results from southward motion of the modelled Afar plume beneath the northeastward migrating African plate.The models suggest that the Afar plume became weaker as it migrated southwards,consistent with trends observed in the geochemical record. 相似文献
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Paleoproterozoic carbonaceous shales in the Tim-Yastrebovskii ancient rift, which underwent zonal metamorphism at 350–550°C,
contain REE mineralization of silicates (allanite, thorite, and Ce-P huttonite) fluorcarbonates (bastnaesite and synchysite),
phosphates (monazite and xenotime), and REE-bearing apatite. The reason for the wide occurrence of bastnaesite and other REE
minerals is relatively high REE concentrations in the sulfide-bearing carbonaceous shales, with these elements accumulated
in the organic matter in the course of diagenesis. Reaction textures with REE-bearing chlorite, bastnaesite, and allanite
suggest that REE-bearing chlorite and bastnaesite provided REE for the forming of higher temperature allanite and monazite.
This is corroborated by the REE patterns of the monazite, allanite, and bastnaesite, which are almost identical and are characterized
by the strong predominance of LREE. The replacements of REE minerals during metamorphism at 350–550°C took place via a number
successive transitions: (1) Mnz → Aln, Chl
REE → Bst, Chl
REE → Aln, Bst → Aln and (2) Bst → Mnz and Ap
LREE → Mnz. These replacements can be accounted for by prograde metamorphic reactions. 相似文献
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Frédéric Béjina Misha Bystricky Nicolas Tercé Matthew L. Whitaker Haiyan Chen 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2019,351(2-3):86-94
In situ X-ray diffraction was used to measure the isothermal bulk modulus at room conditions (KT0) of synthetic olivines with different iron contents. The chemical formulae of the olivine samples were with x = 0.45; 0.64; 0.82; 1, with 1% standard deviation (referenced as Fa45, Fa64, Fa82 and Fa100, respectively). All experiments were performed in the multi-anvil apparatus installed at NSLS beamline X17B2, to pressures up to about 7 GPa. Unit-cell volumes under hydrostatic conditions and differential stresses present in the samples were calculated using the method developed by Singh et al. (1998), and pressures measured using NaCl as a standard were then corrected for these stresses. Using a second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, we obtained the isothermal bulk modulus of each composition: GPa, GPa, GPa and GPa. These values combined with data available in the literature show that the KT0 of Fe-rich olivines increases very slowly with the Fe content, but possibly not in a simple linear trend. 相似文献
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