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1.
本研究利用三维物理-生物耦合模型模拟了大气氮沉降对南黄海主要初级生产过程的影响,并通过数值实验区分了不同季节大气氮沉降的贡献。模拟结果显示,大气氮沉降明显增大了南黄海表层溶解无机氮的浓度,近岸海域增加量较大,可以达到3.0 mmol/m^3,且由近岸海域到黄海中部海域有明显的递减趋势,这主要是由于近岸海域无机氮来源众多,导致浓度较高,大气沉降的氮不会被浮游植物生长吸收,出现氮累积。大气氮沉降明显促进了黄海中部春季表层水华和夏季次表层叶绿素最大值两个重要初级生产过程,春季表层叶绿素增加量最大,可达0.20 mg/m^3,夏季次表层叶绿素浓度增加最显著,可达0.10 mg/m^3,分别约为峰值浓度的10%和6%。不同季节大气氮沉降对初级生产过程的贡献不同,冬季氮沉降可以存留下来影响春季水华过程,但作用小于春季氮沉降;夏季,由于水体层化较强,本季的氮沉降对次表层叶绿素最大值的促进作用并不明显,反而冬季氮沉降的影响大于春季和夏季的氮沉降。同时,大气氮沉降也促进了氮循环的各个过程,包括浮游植物生长吸收、呼吸释放和矿化过程。 相似文献
2.
胶州湾海水中氮的地球化学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《海洋湖沼通报》1982,(3)
海水中的氮化合物,已知包括无机的及有机的两大部分。前者主要是NO_3~-、NO_2~-及NH_4~ ,后者主要是从蛋白质到氨基酸、脲等的一系列有机含氮化合物,按其形态的不同,而又区分为粒状有机氮及溶解有机氮。 NO_3~-、NO_2~-、NH_4~ 及有机氮化合物,在海洋中的分布是具有明显规律性的。而它们的时间变化及循环,则更是复杂而有趣的、。无机氮作为浮游植物的养分而被吸收,并合成为有机氮。而浮游植物又作为浮游动物等的饵料,并两者在排泄或死亡分解时,则释出有机氮。后者经过细菌的分解作用,而 相似文献
3.
通过对惠州大亚湾春夏季大气沉降的采样分析,探讨了大亚湾大气干湿沉降中氮磷营养盐的特征。结果表明,观测期间总氮和总磷的月均沉降通量分别为257.45和1.79kg·km-2·月-1,均以湿沉降为主。氮的干湿沉降都表现出了明显的春夏季变化差异,干沉降通量夏季比春季大,而湿沉降的结果与此相反;磷的干湿沉降在两季的观测结果均趋于稳定,无明显变化。在降雨冲刷、季风气候引起的大气传输和局部污染的共同作用下,大亚湾大气中的营养盐主要以NO3--N的形式存在。大亚湾大气中的氮盐是该地区大气污染的主要控制目标。 相似文献
4.
大气沉降能够为上层海洋提供氮、磷、铁等物质,进而影响海洋生物地球化学循环、海洋初级生产过程和碳封存能力。近几十年来,海洋大气沉降研究一直为大气-海洋交叉领域的研究热点之一,但仍存在诸多问题需要深化认识。本文从大气沉降物质的生物可利用性、大气沉降的营养物质和金属元素供给与海洋初级生产过程响应等方面阐述了海洋大气沉降研究面临的主要挑战。近年来的研究表明:(1)大气沉降对海洋初级生产的影响并不决定于沉降物质的总量,而是溶解态物质的入海量;(2)大气沉降对海洋的影响体现为营养物质和金属元素供给的多样性和海洋初级生产响应的多样性;(3)大气沉降可分为直接大气沉降和间接大气沉降,它们对近海水质的影响不可忽视。本文最后指出,未来的海洋大气沉降研究需围绕以下两个核心命题:(1)大气沉降如何影响近海富营养化过程?包括定量大气沉降对主要海水水质指标的影响;(2)大气沉降如何改变海洋储碳能力、缓解气候变暖?包括定量自然物质和人为物质加富的海洋"施肥"过程的负效应。 相似文献
5.
氨基酸是大多数生物体有机氮和有机碳的主要组分,也是近代沿海海洋沉积物有机质的重要组成部分[1]。海洋中生物残骸蛋白质在细胞破裂后,由微生物分泌的胞外酶和生物细胞残留的蛋白酶能将蛋白质水解成氨基酸,部分氨基酸被微生物作为营养物质吸收利用[2],残余蛋白质和氨基酸经过沉降作用进入沉积物,经历生物作用及成岩改造过程,以蛋白质、肽和水解氨基酸等地质聚合物形式存在,大部分与海洋沉积物结合紧密,少数以游离态存在[3]。因此,相对于常量的碳、氮化合物来说氨基酸通常不稳定,是水体颗粒物和沉积物中有机碳、氮循环的主要物质,也是次级生产者的主要营养物质[1]。 相似文献
6.
北太平洋大气沉降的时空特征及其对副极区海洋生态系统的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
北太平洋副极地海区作为全球海洋三个高营养盐低叶绿素(high nutrient and low chlorophyll, HNLC)海区之一, 其浮游植物生长受到微量元素铁的限制。对于开阔大洋, 大气沉降是海洋表层铁的一个重要来源, 铁元素沉降进入海洋后能够促进浮游植物生长, 进而引起海洋初级生产力和生物泵的响应。本文利用SPRINTARS(Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species)模式的时长为20a的日均大气沉降数据, 对北太平洋海区大气沉降的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明, 进入北太平洋海区的大气沉降量为26.81Tg·a-1, 并且存在显著的季节变化: 春季最高, 冬季最低, 5月份进入海洋的沉降量达到峰值。大气沉降主要来源于陆地区域, 在风场的驱动下向海洋传输, 因此大气沉降量的空间分布呈现出西高东低的特征。本文以2010年8月中旬卫星观测到的一次强沙尘(即高大气沉降量)事件为例, 研究了大气沙尘的传播路径。进一步结合2001年4月9—12日及2008年4月20—22日的沙尘事件, 分析了西北太平洋K2站位(47°N, 160°E)附近海域海洋初级生产力对大气沉降——沙尘事件的响应。结果表明, 三次沙尘事件后, K2站位的颗粒有机碳通量、叶绿素浓度均有明显增加, 即沙尘事件对北太平洋副极区海洋初级生产力存在促进作用。 相似文献
7.
为了研究厦门市大气湿沉降中的无机氮情况,分析了2000～2014年厦门市内和郊区的雨水中NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的浓度及其沉降通量的变化情况,并对湿沉降中无机氮对厦门近海海水生态系统的影响进行讨论。结果表明,厦门市内和郊区雨水中NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的浓度均为春季较高,夏季较低;高浓度无机氮在一年中出现的时间段在两个区域有差别,这可能与这两个区域的季风转换和大气混合层高度变化有关。在2000～2014年,雨水中NO_3~--N的浓度在市内总体呈下降趋势,在郊区总体呈上升趋势;NH_4~+-N浓度的年变化规律不明显。湿沉降给厦门近岸海域带来的NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的量分别为1056 t/a和1278 t/a,低于该区域河流输入的无机氮的量的10%,说明湿沉降不是厦门近岸海域海水中无机氮的主要来源。通过比较厦门雨水和近岸海水中的营养盐情况,发现雨水的沉降可能会促进厦门近海部分区域海水中浮游植物的生长。 相似文献
8.
氮是海洋浮游植物必需的大量元素，又是海洋浮游植物生长的主要限制因子之一，研究氮元素的补充机制对了解海洋生态系统有重要意义。海区氮营养盐的补充主要通过新生氮实现，其主要补充机制为径流输入、大气干湿沉降、水体混合、上升流及生物固氮作用。生物固氮是指固氮生物将大气中的氮气还原成氨的过程，对地球上氮循环和氮平衡具有不可替代的作用。海洋生物固氮作用是维持海洋初级生产力和新生产力的一个重要生态反应。海洋中固氮生物种类较多，主要包括固氮蓝藻、异养细菌和光合细菌。 相似文献
9.
含氮气体在海盐表面的非均相反应对中国近海大气氮干沉降的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过改进WRF-CMAQ大气化学传输模型的非均相反应模块,模拟了2014年春季(4月28日～5月18日)中国东部沿海和近海海域大气中含氮物质的浓度和干沉降通量,分析了含氮气体在海盐表面的非均相反应过程对含氮物质浓度、相态分配和干沉降通量的贡献。模拟结果表明,海盐表面含氮气体的非均相反应使得渤海、黄海、东海等近海海域大气中NO_2、N_2O_5、HNO_3气体向粗颗粒NO~-_3(NO~-_(3coarse))转化,模拟期间三种气体平均浓度分别降低了0.4%～5.2%、4.7%～18.2%和9.2%～15.6%,NO~-_(3coarse)平均浓度增加了25.3%～35.1%;受含氮物质相态变化的影响,总无机氮日均干沉降通量在渤黄东海大气中增加了1.5%～3.7%,其中NO~-_(3coarse)日均干沉降通量增加27.6%～52.4%,而HNO_3和N_2O_5气体日均干沉降通量分别减少9.6%～16.0%和12.3%～23.9%。污染天气条件下,总无机氮干沉降受非均相反应的影响较干洁天气更加显著,渤海、黄海、东海总无机氮日均干沉降通量可提高4.2%～17.1%,分别为干洁天气条件下的2.3、2.9和1.9倍。 相似文献
10.
通过对2006年12月至2007年11月中山横门的大气沉降采样分析, 初步探讨了珠江口大气氮、磷干湿沉降的特征。结果表明, 观测期间铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)降雨量加权平均浓度分别为0.82、0.52、2.14、0.039mg.L-1, 干湿总沉降通量分别为1.584、1.142、4.295和0.055g.m-2.a-1。NH4+-N、NO3--N和TN干、湿沉降通量相当, 而TP以湿沉降为主。TN大气沉降通量春、夏、秋三季相当, 均明显高于冬季, TP则以夏季最大, 秋季次之, 而冬季最小。 相似文献
11.
The effects of atmospheric nitrogen input on biological production in the Japan Sea have been investigated using a coupled
physical-ecosystem model. Comparison between the cases with and without nitrogen deposition shows a relatively large effect
on primary production in the southern Japan Sea during summer to autumn, when nitrogen deposition is high and nutrient is
depleted in the surface layer. The atmospheric nitrogen deposition supports > 10% of the annual export production in the nearshore
region along the Japanese coast. The importance of atmospheric input as a new nutrient will grow steadily with increasing
deposition into the Japan Sea. 相似文献
12.
Estimating direct and episodic atmospheric nitrogen deposition to a coastal waterbody 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Direct deposition of atmospheric nitrogen to shallow coastal embayments is usually estimated, since insufficient field measurements are available. Using Waquoit Bay (Cape Cod, MA. USA) as a case study, and a recent review of literature, we determined reasonable bounds on wet and dry inputs of inorganic and organic N. Since precipitation and wind vary daily, we explored the potential of episodic events to stimulate phytoplankton blooms. Many coastal waterbodies like Waquoit Bay are small relative to their watersheds. Nevertheless, direct deposition of NH(3), NO(3)(-), and HNO(3) is significant in the loading budget. For Waquoit Bay, direct deposition was calculated to be 7-15.5 kg total N ha(-1)yr(-1), representing 70-150% of the atmospheric N reported to reach the bay via the watershed, and 20-45% of the total N reaching the bay from all land-based sources. Episodic events were estimated to deliver up to 65 mg N m(-2)day(-1), representing a phytoplankton stock of 12.3 mg Chl m(-2), an amount unlikely to stimulate dense blooms in shallow coastal waters in the northeastern United States. 相似文献
13.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2007,54(10):1704-1720
Atmospheric deposition fluxes of soluble nutrients (N, P, Si, Fe, Co, Zn) to the tropical North Atlantic were determined during cruise M55 of the German SOLAS programme. Nutrient fluxes were highest in the east of the section along 10°N, owing to the proximity of source regions in West Africa and Europe, and lowest in the west, for both dry and wet deposition modes. In common with other recent studies, atmospheric P and Si inputs during M55 were strongly depleted relative to the stoichiometry of phytoplankton Fe, N, P and Si requirements. Atmospheric N inputs were equivalent to 0.1–4.7% of observed primary productivity during the cruise. Atmospheric nutrient supply was also compared to observed nitrogen fixation rates during M55. While atmospheric Fe supply may have been sufficient to support N fixation (depending on the relationship between our simple Fe leaching experiment and aerosol Fe dissolution in seawater), atmospheric P supply was well below the required rate. The stable nitrogen isotope composition of nitrate–N in aerosol and rain was also determined. Results of a simple model indicate that atmospheric deposition and nitrogen fixation introduce similar amounts of isotopically light nitrogen into surface waters of the study region. This implies that nitrogen isotope-based methods would overestimate nitrogen fixation here by a factor of 2, if atmospheric inputs were not taken into account. 相似文献
14.
Measurements of nitrate and ammonium in precipitation and associated with aerosols were conducted at Rutgers University Marine Field Station in Tuckerton, New Jersey from March 2004 to March 2005 to characterize atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary. The arithmetic means of nitrate and ammonium concentrations for precipitation samples were 2.3mgL(-1) and 0.42mgL(-1), respectively. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations in aerosol samples averaged 3.7microgm(-3) and 1.6microgm(-3), respectively. Wet deposition rates appeared to vary with season; the highest rate of inorganic nitrogen deposition (nitrate+ammonium) occurred in the spring with an average value of 1.33kg-Nha(-2)month(-1). On an annual basis, the total (wet and dry) direct atmospheric deposition fluxes into the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary were 7.08kg-Nha(-2)year(-1) for nitrate and 4.44kg-Nha(-2)year(-1) for ammonium. The total atmospheric inorganic nitrogen directly deposited to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary was estimated to be 4.79x10(4)kg-Nyear(-1), and the total atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposited to the Mullica River watershed was estimated to be 1.69x10(6)kg-Nyear(-1). Only a fraction of the nitrogen deposited on the watershed will actually reach the estuary; most of the nitrogen will be retained in the watershed due to utilization and denitrification during transport. The amount of N reaching the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary indirectly is estimated to be 5.07x10(4)kg-Nyear(-1), approximately 97% is retained within the watershed. This atmospheric nitrogen deposition may stimulate phytoplankton productivity in the Mullica River-Great Bay ecosystem. 相似文献
15.
Summer algal blooms in a coastal ecosystem: the role of atmospheric deposition versus entrainment fluxes 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Jacob Carstensen Lise Marie Frohn Charlotte Bay Hasager Bo G. Gustafsson 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2005,62(4):595-608
The nitrogen inputs from atmospheric deposition and bottom water entrainment to the surface layer were modelled in the summer period (May–September) over a 11-year period (1989–1999) and compared to investigate the significance of these fluxes for generating blooms in the Kattegat. In the summer periods the average atmospheric deposition was 2.81 mg N m−2 d−1 compared to average entrainment fluxes of 5.42 mg N m−2 d−1, 1.21 mg N m−2 d−1 and 1.15 mg N m−2 d−1 for the northern, central and southern part of the Kattegat, respectively. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition alone could not sustain biomass increases associated with observed blooms and entrainment fluxes dominated the high nitrogen inputs to the surface layer. The potential for a bloom through growth was typically obtained after several days of high nitrogen inputs from entrainment in the frontal area of the northern Kattegat and to some extent from atmospheric deposition. The modelled nitrogen input in this area could account directly for 30% of the observed blooms in the Northern sub-basin, and through advective transport 24% and 19% of the observed blooms in the central and southern Kattegat. The direct nitrogen inputs through atmospheric deposition and entrainment to the central and southern sub-basins were small and could not be linked to any bloom observation. 相似文献
16.
A linear decrease in dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen with increasing salinity offshore from the Georgia coast suggests that organic nitrogen compounds contributed to coastal waters by rivers are stable during the period (2–3 months) of their transfer over the continental shelf. While the C/N ratio decreased with distance from shore, total dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), total amino nitrogen, and primary amino nitrogen showed similar relative decreases, suggesting that nitrogen is associated with refractory organic compounds. Measured amino nitrogen accounted for about 20% of the total DON, leaving about 80% of the organic nitrogen undefined. 相似文献
17.
Excess nitrogen inputs to estuaries have been linked to deteriorating water quality and habitat conditions which in turn have direct and indirect impacts on aquatic organisms. This paper describes the application of a previously verified watershed loading model to estimate total nitrogen loading rates and relative source contributions to 74 small-medium sized embayment-type estuaries in southern New England. The study estuaries exhibited a gradient in nitrogen inputs of a factor of over 7000. On an areal basis, the range represented a gradient of approximately a factor of 140. Therefore, all other factors being equal, the study design is sufficient to evaluate ecological effects conceptually tied to excess nitrogen along a nitrogen gradient. In addition to providing total loading inputs rates to the study estuaries, the model provides an estimate of the relative contribution of the nitrogen sources from each watershed to each associated estuary. Cumulative results of this analysis reveal the following source ranking (means): direct atmospheric deposition (37%), ≈wastewater (36%), >indirect atmospheric deposition (16%) > fertilizer (12%). However, for any particular estuary the relative magnitudes of these source types vary dramatically. Together with scientific evidence on symptoms of eutrophication, the results of this paper can be used to develop empirical pressure-state models to determine critical nitrogen loading limits for the protection of estuarine water quality. 相似文献
18.
分析了2002年7月—2003年6月太湖周边地区太湖站、拖山岛、东山站、无锡、苏州、湖州、常州、金坛等8个站、点大气TN、TP沉降通量和降水化学组成观测资料,测定和计算了水气界面TN、TP的表观总沉降率(RT)、湿沉降率(RW)和干沉降率(RD)。太湖大气TN的年平均RT为4226kg/(km2.a),TP的年平均RT为306kg/(km2.a)。大气TN、TP的年沉降负荷分别占由环湖河道等点污染源输入的N、P总负荷的48.8%和46.2%。指出形成太湖大气TN污染的主要途径是湿沉降,而大气TP污染则主要来自气溶胶等固体物质的干沉降;小雨携带入湖的大气TN、TP污染物通量高于中雨和大雨。TN总沉降率曲线在春季3—5月出现高峰值的现象对太湖水体的富营养化具有潜在的促进影响。 相似文献