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永定河上游山间盆地地下水质量评价与水化学特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为准确掌握永定河上游山间盆地地下水质量状况,并从水化学角度探讨其分布特征。基于研究区的地质和水文地质条件,将2008年6月采集的65个地下水样分为浅、中、深层。按照F值评分法进行了分层综合质量评价。并采用数理统计方法,分别计算了上游、中游和下游每一个含水层特征指标算数平均值和方差。开展了TDS、Ca2+、NO3-和硬度与取样深度的相关性分析。结果表明,延庆盆地内水样基本均属于偏碱性水,垂向上,延庆盆地地下水由浅到深,地下水水质逐渐变好,且随着深度增大,水样的pH值有增大趋势。横向上,上游地下水水质好于中游,中游好于下游;深层地下水已经出现较差和极差点。在上游地区基本以HCO3-Ca·Mg为主,水质趋同性好,分层特征较弱;在中游地区,大部分中层地下水中的Na+浓度升高,开始出现HCO3-Ca·Na·Mg型,水质分层特征明显。到了下游地区, Na+和Mg2+浓度快速升高,许多水样表现为HCO3-Na·Mg·Ca型和HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca·Mg型。越往下游,地下水的化学组分更趋于复杂,一方面表征了其多源输入的特征,另一方面反映了人类活动影响强度的增强。 相似文献
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了解地表水和沿岸地下水的水化学特征及其形成作用,对地下水水资源保护和可持续开发利用具有重要意义。在系统采集滦河河水及沿岸地下水的基础上,运用描述性统计、相关性分析、阴阳离子三角图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数等方法对水样的离子特征和水化学类型的形成作用进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)从出山口到入海口,浅层地下水化学类型由HCO3型过渡到HCO3·SO4(SO4·HCO3)型,再逐渐转变为Cl·HCO3型,而阳离子则由Ca(Ca·Mg)向Na·Ca(Na)型转化。(2)浅层地下水化学的形成受地形地貌以及地质结构的控制,在山间盆地和冲洪积扇,溶滤作用是控制地下水水化学变化的主要作用,向下游随着含水介质颗粒变细,地下水径流速度变缓,溶滤作用减弱,蒸发浓缩作用逐渐增强,从出山口到入海口,河水和地下水的钠吸附比(SAR)不断增大,说明溶滤作用逐渐被阳离子交替吸附作用代替。(3)河水的水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg(SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg)型。水化学形成以蒸发浓缩作用为主,同时受河床中的碳酸盐矿物和硅铝酸盐矿物溶滤作用的影响,在冲积海积平原可能存在蒸发盐岩的溶解。 相似文献
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根据39个丰水期地下水的水化学分析结果,对德阳市城市规划区内地下水水化学特征及空间分布进行了研究。研究表明:(1)沿地下水渗流途径,TDS以及Mg2+、Na+、SO42-浓度呈上升趋势;而Ca2+浓度却呈下降趋势。(2)地下水化学类型具有较明显的分带性,在渗流途径的上游,水化学类型以HCO3-Ca型水和HCO3-Ca+Mg型水为主;在径流途径的下游或排泄区域,水化学类型以HCO3+SO4-Ca+Mg型水和HCO3+SO4-Na+Ca型水为主。(3)区内铁锰污染比较明显,部分地区总铁和锰的含量达到Ⅳ类地下水标准,铁锰超标主要是受原生地质环境的影响;总硬度超标明显,39件水样中12件达到Ⅳ类地下水标准。 相似文献
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了解地表水和沿岸地下水的水化学特征及其形成作用,对地下水水资源保护和可持续开发利用具有重要意义。在系统采集滦河河水及沿岸地下水的基础上,运用描述性统计、相关性分析、阴阳离子三角图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数等方法对水样的离子特征和水化学类型的形成作用进行了分析。研究结果表明:（1）从出山口到入海口,浅层地下水化学类型由HCO3型过渡到HCO3?SO4（SO4?HCO3）型,再逐渐转变为Cl?HCO3型,而阳离子则由Ca（Ca?Mg）向Na?Ca（Na）型转化。（2）浅层地下水化学的形成受地形地貌以及地质结构的控制,在山间盆地和冲洪积扇,溶滤作用是控制地下水水化学变化的主要作用,向下游随着含水介质颗粒变细,地下水径流速度变缓,溶滤作用减弱,蒸发浓缩作用逐渐增强,从出山口到入海口,河水和地下水的钠吸附比（SAR）不断增大,说明溶滤作用逐渐被阳离子交替吸附作用代替。（3）河水的水化学类型主要为HCO3 ? SO4-Ca ? Mg（SO4 ? HCO3-Ca ? Mg）型。水化学形成以蒸发浓缩作用为主,同时受河床中的碳酸盐矿物和硅铝酸盐矿物溶滤作用的影响,在冲积海积平原可能存在蒸发盐岩的溶解。 相似文献
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在对关中盆地浅层地下水169个水化学数据分析的基础上,运用图解法、数理统计法及Phreeqc模拟等方法对关中盆地浅层地下水水文地球化学形成演化机制进行系统研究,取得了一些新的认识。按含水介质及地下水循环特征,将浅层地下水系统大致划分为强烈径流区、缓慢径流区、排泄区。不同水动力分区中,地下水化学类型具有一定的分带性,从强烈径流区、缓慢径流区至排泄区,地下水的化学类型由HCO3-Ca·Mg型经过HCO3-Ca·Mg·Na型逐步演化为SO4·Cl-Na型。地下水强烈径流区,地下水化学组分的形成主要以碳酸盐、硅酸盐等矿物岩石风化作用为主,缓慢径流区以多种作用为主,排泄区由Na-Ca阳离子交换及蒸发浓缩作用控制。 相似文献
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以湖南新田县大型富锶矿泉为研究对象,通过采样、水化学组分分析,运用ArcGIS、AquaChem软件揭示富锶地下水水化学组分、水化学类型及水平和垂向分带特征。结果表明:下降泉中锶元素含量具有很好的分带特征,但机井中锶的分带性较差,TDS与锶元素含量变化基本一致。下降泉、机井中离子的变异系数具有较好的一致性,Ca2+、HCO3 - 含量较为稳定,而Sr2+、Mg2+、Na+、SO4 2-、Cl-质量浓度变化较大,下降泉和机井的水动力环境均有较大变化,或含水岩组的差异性较明显。下降泉、机井中主要离子毫克当量数所占百分比排次相同,但其垂向变化范围较大,机井水化学组分受含水岩组和人类活动等因素影响较大,水化学类型也由下降泉单一的HCO3-Ca型水演变为HCO3-Ca型、HCO3-Ca·Mg型、HCO3-Na·Mg·Ca型等复杂水化学类型,表现出垂向上正向的地球化学分带特征。锶元素在垂向上的分带呈现出异常,在50~80 m深度达到最大值。 相似文献
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河流与地下水相互作用研究是水文学研究的难点和热点。安阳河与地下水相互作用研究,对于安阳市水资源科学开发与管理具有重要意义。安阳河冲洪积扇地表水与地下水转化率为17%～27%。潜水位标高为80 m,向下游逐渐变成多层含水层（水位40 m）。当地降水环境同位素监测数据表明,当地大气降水线与全球大气降水线接近平行,表明该线代表本地区大气降水的氢氧同位素特征。地表水同位素值较集中,2016年8月δ18O值变化范围为-9‰~-8.7‰,δD值变化范围为-65‰~-63‰,2017年1月δ18O值变化范围为-8.5‰~-8.2‰,δD值变化范围为-63‰~-61‰,河水水化学类型为HCO3·SO4—Ca型,表明流域内地表水的同位素值受距离的影响较小。地下水稳定同位素值变化较大,2016年8月δ18O值范围为-10.4‰~-5.5‰,δD值范围为-75‰~-46‰,2017年1月δ18O值范围为-10.2‰~-5.4‰,δD值范围为-75‰~-45‰,即从接近降水值到最大值形成一条“蒸发”线。河流出山口一带地下水同位素值呈现最大蒸发值,表明地表水补给地下水,地下水化学类型为HCO3·SO4·Cl—Ca,存在明显人为污染成分。下游为大气降水补给浅层地下水,中深层地下水主要来源于中游侧向径流,水化学类型主要为HCO3—Ca·Mg型,综合分析表明,安阳河中下游（冲洪积扇）地带“三水”转换积极,并影响其水质、水量。 相似文献
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矿区闭坑后,区域地下水动力条件的改变以及引起的地下水污染可能对环境影响较大。本文以徐州东部废弃矿井为
研究对象,在进行水文地质调查分析的基础上,采集地下水样,进行水化学分析,结果表明研究区内太原组灰岩含水层的
水化学类型具有明显分带性,从西北向东南由HCO3·SO4-Ca型、SO4-Ca·Mg型向HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型、HCO3-Ca·Mg型依次
过渡。矿井关闭后,地下水位抬升,水文地质条件发生改变,地下水水化学组分相应有所变化。对研究区水化学特征的演
化特点进行分析,发现地下水受阳离子交替吸附作用影响,呈现出Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-增大,Na+、K+减小的趋势。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
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滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献