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分析了2014~2018年北方5个典型中小盆地城市(兰州、银川、临汾、太原、南阳)PM10与PM2.5的浓度变化特征和大致来源类型。除2018年银川PM2.5浓度外,各市PM10和PM2.5年均浓度均超标;兰州、银川和南阳PM10与PM2.5呈逐年下降趋势,南阳下降最明显;临汾PM10与PM2.5呈逐年上升趋势;太原PM10与PM2.5稳定维持在一个高浓度状态。5个城市颗粒物浓度的季节变化特征一致:冬春高、夏秋低。对PM2.5/PM10值而言,冬季和夏季该比值较高,分别受取暖和降水的影响;春季和秋季该比值较低,分别受沙尘和秸秆焚烧及高强度建筑施工的影响。5市PM2.5和PM10浓度具有良好的线性关系,细颗粒占比大小顺序为临汾>南阳>太原>银川>兰州。 相似文献
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不同天气类型广东大气超级站细粒子污染特征初步研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
2012年5月至7月期间,以广东大气超级监测站为观测平台,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)和其他多种环境监测仪器对大气污染现象进行高时间分辨的长期连续观测。以能见度和相对湿度为参考,将天气类型划分为2次灰霾、1次暴雨和多次晴朗天气过程。观测结果表明,SPAMS捕获的颗粒物数浓度与PM2.5和PM1的相关性(R2)分别达到0.538和0.448,呈现出一定的相关性。大气颗粒物浓度在不同天气条件下,浓度变化较大,其中,灰霾天气下,PM2.5和PM1浓度最大小时均值分别达到0.132 ng/m3和0.094 ng/m3。观测结果表明,粒径处于600~800 nm的细颗粒物对该区域的灰霾形成过程起了最为关键的作用。该地区的大气颗粒物类型主要可分为7种:元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)、元素-有机碳混合(ECOC)、大分子有机碳(HMOC)、海盐(Na-K)、富钾颗粒(K-rich)和富铅颗粒(Pb-rich)。灰霾天气,各类型颗粒物数量浓度均有一定程度的增加,其中以EC和K-rich的增加最为明显。分析表明,第一次灰霾主要是由于大气光化学反应起到主导作用,而生物质燃烧又增大了灰霾程度;第二次灰霾过程,生物质燃烧产生的影响更大。 相似文献
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奥运会及残奥会期间北京市区大气颗粒物污染特征及微观形貌类型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2008年8月和9月,北京市成功举办了第29届奥运会和第13届残奥会,对这段时间在北京市区(中国矿业大学校园综合楼五层,距奥运村3 km)采集的大气颗粒物的质量浓度和微观形貌类型进行了研究。结果表明:奥运会期间,北京市区大气PM10和PM2.5的日均质量浓度分别小于国家PM10二级标准(150μg/m3)和美国EPA的PM2.5二级标准(65μg/m3),12 h的质量浓度范围分别为7.64~81.63μg/m3和1.91~54.59μg/m3;残奥会期间,12 h的PM10质量浓度范围为33.83~106.36μg/m3,没有超标,PM2.5质量浓度变化范围为15.29~88.30μg/m3,其中出现了3 d超标天,分别为9月6日、7日和14日;从奥运期间PM2.5/PM10的比值(0.26~0.86,大部分值大于0.5)可以看出,奥运期间北京大气颗粒物以细粒子为主。与往年相比,颗粒物质量浓度出现大幅下降趋势。场发射扫描电镜观察显示,奥运会和残奥会期间样品的微观形貌类型主要有球形颗粒、烟尘集合体、不规则矿物和未知颗粒,其数量-粒径分布主要呈单峰分布,峰值均在0.1~0.2μm范围,其中球形颗粒明显占多数。各种分析数据均显示,残奥会期间样品比奥运会期间样品污染要严重。 相似文献
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辽宁省典型地区大气颗粒物重金属元素分布特征及对土地质量影响研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
大气颗粒物是大气质量评价中的一个通用的重要指标,近年来,对于大气颗粒物污染这一热点问题开展了大量的研究。文中选取辽宁省沈阳市、锦州市和葫芦岛市等典型地区研究大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5)中Cd等重金属元素的分布特征。结果表明,辽宁省大气可吸入颗粒物中Pb和Zn的含量最高,其次是Cu、Mn、As、Cr、Cd。燃煤、燃油和工业污染源等方面可能是造成这些元素含量较高的主要原因。此外,文中还对大气颗粒物对土地质量的影响研究进行一些有益尝试。研究表明,大气颗粒物中重金属元素含量对土地质量的影响是显而易见的。政府管理部门应该重视对大气颗粒物中重金属元素含量的监控,努力减少其对土地质量的影响。 相似文献
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正2014年1月23日,《环境科学与技术》(Environmental ScienceTechnology)杂志发表题为《北京一次严重烟雾事件中PM2.5和PM10污染物中存在的微生物》(Inhalable Microorganisms in Beijing’s PM2.5and PM10Pollutants during a Severe Smog Event)的文章,研究了2013年1月北京严重雾霾期间颗粒物中的微生物,指出北京雾霾中大约有1 300种不同类型的微生物,大多数微生物对人类不会致病,只有少数可能会引起过敏和呼吸系统疾病。颗粒物(PM)污染严重威胁着公众的健康。PM2.5和PM10中的微生物被认为能引发各种过敏和呼吸道疾 相似文献
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内蒙古乌海粉尘浓度时空分布及影响因素探析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
于2018年1月与7月采用流动监测法,对内蒙古乌海粉尘颗粒物进行采集,结合监测站数据,研究乌海不同粒径粉尘浓度时空分布规律及影响因素。结果表明:乌海市冬春季粉尘污染远远高于夏秋季,春季污染最严重,夏季污染相对较轻。PM2.5污染最严重月份为3月,PM10污染最严重月份为4月。一天中粉尘浓度峰值出现在10:00—12:00,谷值出现在16:00—18:00。空间上东部粉尘浓度高值区以条带状分布,中南部和西部以点源放射状向周围扩散。不同土地利用类型内部粉尘浓度特征均不同。工矿用地和城镇内部浓度高于有林地和未利用地,耕地和水体内部浓度最低;工矿用地是乌海市粗颗粒粉尘的主要来源,城镇是乌海夏季细颗粒粉尘的主要来源,水体、耕地和有林地可明显降低空气中颗粒物浓度。总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulate,TSP)和不同粒径颗粒物(particulate matter,PM),包括PM10、PM2.5、PM1等粉尘浓度与风速、湿度呈正相关,与温度、海拔呈负相关,其中气压是影响TSP浓度的最主要因素,湿度是影响PM1-10的最主要因素。不同粒径粉尘浓度受到归一化指数、气象、地形等多因素综合制约,单一条件对大气粉尘影响有限。 相似文献
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生物质燃烧颗粒物有机示踪化合物的测定和应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
使用气相色谱-质谱法对2002年7月-2003年7月的北京市大气粗、细颗粒物样品中的左旋葡聚糖等糖类化合物进行了测定。结果表明，左旋葡聚糖主要存在于细颗粒中，可以作为示踪化合物来研究生物质燃烧现象。生物质燃烧对北京市大气颗粒物有较重要的贡献。对应于12％-40％的PM2.5有机碳和10％-33％的PM10有机碳。北京市在2002年10月和11月受到明显的生物质燃烧的影响，可能由于农田秸杆焚烧和秋季落叶焚烧。2003年5月7日颗粒物样品受到直线距离约为1000km以外的内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市大兴安岭林区森林大火烟雾的影响。生物质燃烧事件具有突发性，可以长距离传输；生物质作为农村生物燃料的使用其燃烧排放具有经常性和持久性的特征。 相似文献
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矿物细颗粒物和微生物个体都是大气颗粒物(PM)重要组成部分,它们在形态、共生关系和空气动力学行为上均有高关联度.本文对可吸入颗粒物(IP)和可吸入矿物细颗粒(IMG)的颗粒特性、自由基和生物活性、IP和IMG与微生物相互作用效果的研究现状做了阐述,指出大气颗粒物与微生物的相互作用的重要性.提出今后应重点研究可吸入矿物细颗粒物的环境化学与微生物作用行为,研究IMG-微生物体系近尺寸作用体系中的尺寸效应、界膜作用等对矿物颗粒物表面形态、表面电性、表面基团及自由基等的影响,分泌蛋白质与相变、元素变价、溶解(络合)的关系以及由此引起的颗粒物活性和生物毒性的变化等. 相似文献
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基于2012年消融期6~9月在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川采集冰川融水径流样品,分析探讨冰川融水中粉尘颗粒物对融水理化性质的影响。结果表明,粉尘特征在消融期的变化很好地反映了冰川消融过程,融水中粉尘浓度和粒径众数在冰川强烈消融期的7月份表现为最高。粉尘体积粒径分布主要包括大气气溶胶超细颗粒(0~3.0μm,主要为PM 2.5),大气粉尘颗粒(3.0~20μm),以及局地源的粗颗粒(20~100μm);对雪冰消融释放的粉尘部分(3.0~20μm)粒径分布正态拟合结果说明,融水中粉尘颗粒物有很大部分来源于积雪中的粉尘运移所致。同时,融水中化学离子相对组成及其浓度消融期变化都与粉尘有较好的一致性,意味着粉尘对融水化学要素有重要影响。此外,pH值和电导率(EC)消融期的变化也反映了粉尘对融水物理指标的影响。在粉尘浓度较高时,融水pH值和电导率也表现出高值;融水径流中的悬移质颗粒物(SPM)浓度和溶解质固体(TDS)浓度具有较为一致的变化过程,反映了粉尘对于融水中溶解质含量也有较大影响。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
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Marta L. PATINO-DOUCE Alberto PATINO-DOUCE Mazhar QAYYUM Roger L. NIELSEN 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1994,18(2):195-198
We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献