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我国海洋保护区现状、存在问题和对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国海洋保护区的建立,在保护海洋环境、物种资源,维护海洋生态平衡等方面起了重要作用;然而海洋保护区虽有量的优势,但存在保护区之间面积结构不合理、保护区面积较小不利于保护物种和景观、资金缺乏、科研工作滞后、保护区类型单一、内部分区不合理、多头管理与保护积极性不足并存、海洋特别保护区与国际脱轨等问题,在分析这些问题的基础上提出了相应的对策建议。 相似文献
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为进一步保护我国南海海洋生态环境和海洋历史文化,促进南海地区社会经济的可持续发展,同时完善我国国家公园制度建设,文章在概述我国国家公园和国内外海洋公园建设情况的基础上,分析建设我国南海海洋国家公园的必要性和面临的挑战,并提出政策建议。研究结果表明:我国相继建设国家级风景名胜区和国家公园,其中国家公园规模更大,且以生态环境保护为主;美国等海洋国家公园的建设实践较完善;我国具有海洋公园建设和管理优势,但也存在不足,尤其尚未建立海洋国家公园;我国南海海洋国家公园建设在保护生态环境、传承传统文化、管理旅游活动和恢复渔业资源等方面的意义重大,但面临体制机制创新、管理技术突破以及人与自然和谐相处等方面的挑战;建设我国南海海洋国家公园应以珊瑚礁保护区为基础、以国家公园体制改革为契机、生态环境保护与社会经济发展并行、发扬海洋历史文化以及建立海洋科研基地。 相似文献
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2011年至今，我国已批复建立海洋保护区类的国家级海洋公园有48处。国家级海洋公园的建设是海洋生态文明建设的具体体现，不仅推动海洋生态保护的可持续性，也为滨海旅游业的发展提供保障，为实现人民群众追求美好生活提供了高质量的滨海休憩空间。通过掌握国内海洋保护区类的海洋公园的建设及管理的现状，对海洋公园管理办法的出台提供一些借鉴性依据，文章从国内外海洋保护区管理的背景分析开始，并选取两个典型的海洋保护区类的国家级海洋公园为例，分析了国家海洋公园管理体制存在问题及其原因，并提出：完善海洋公园相关的法律法规，理顺保护区的管理体制；建立完善的海洋公园管理机构，创新海洋公园管理模式；强化监视监测系统的建设，提高信息化科学化管理技术水平；加强执法装备的建设规划，提高依法行政的管理水平；对公园原住民实施相关经济补偿；创新宣传模式，发挥宣传载体作用；善于学习借鉴，加强国内国外合作等管理建议。为今后开展海洋公园规范化建设提供思路。 相似文献
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天津大神堂是我国北方纬度最高的现代活体牡蛎群聚海域,区域内地质条件特殊,生物多样性丰富,贝类生物与砂质沉积物等环境因素共同构成了独特活牡蛎礁海洋生态系统。近几年来,受海洋开发、环境污染、过度捕捞影响,牡蛎礁区面积逐年减缩小,生物资源持续衰退,2013年经国家海洋局批准建立了天津大神堂牡蛎礁国家级海洋特别保护区。为加强海洋特别保护区建设,本文分析了天津大神堂海洋特别保护区的自然条件和现状,探讨了健全管理体系,完善法律法规制度,加强生态环境监测,构建兼顾生态效益和经济效益的可持续利用新模式等问题,以期为天津大神堂牡蛎礁国家级海洋特别保护区的养护及管理提供参考。 相似文献
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东海区是我国最早开展海洋保护区建设的海区之一,被列为保护对象的生物资源、岛礁资源、景观资源和生态系统丰富多样。文章从数量和面积、典型特征以及保护对象3个方面概述东海区国家级海洋保护区的发展现状,提出目前保护区发展存在管理机构不完善、配套法规不健全、资金保障不稳定和监测能力不足等问题。在此基础上,提出加快管理机构建设,提升建设和管理水平;健全法律法规体系,夯实保护工作法律基础;拓宽资金来源,促进开发和保护协调发展;提高监视监测能力,加强保护对象监测评估的对策措施建议,以期为海洋保护区的建设和管理工作以及海洋生态环境的可持续发展提供参考。 相似文献
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利用文献处理工具Bibexcel和网络分析工具Pajek对SCIE和SSCI文献数据库1990—2020年全球海洋生态环境保护文献数据进行统计与可视化分析，以期揭示该领域的科研产出情况、领域知识基础、研究热点分布及前瞻发展态势。研究结果表明：海洋生态环境保护领域文献产出近30年来持续增长；美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、法国等国家在该领域内有着较强的科研竞争力和学术影响力，其中美国处于研究合作核心地位，美国加利福尼亚大学、法国国家科研中心等机构为主要发文机构；海洋生态环境保护研究的热点方向主要为海洋生态环境修复与管控、气候变化、生态系统服务、海洋保护区等；该领域研究学科交融趋势明显，研究者应充分借鉴、吸收其他学科理念和方法，加强海洋生态环境与气候变化、人为活动及生态物种等因素的制衡与协同。 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2014
This paper examines the potential relationships between the ecosystem services provided by the coastal and marine environment and the designation of marine protected areas. The hypothesis is that relationships exist between the provision of ecosystem services and the features protected by marine protected areas. It is considered that protection will maintain these features in good ecological condition and in some cases will restore ecological functioning with positive effects on the delivery of ecosystem services, as pressures upon the protected features are reduced. As the number of marine protected area designations grows, system-wide effects to communities from improvements in delivery of a range of ecosystem services may be realised. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the jurisdictional marine protected area policies proposed by the English, Welsh and Scottish Governments. It presents structured assessment matrices developed from the literature and expert opinion, of ecosystem service provision by marine protected habitats and species and applies the findings to a range of existing UK marine protected areas to demonstrate its relevance. The approach and case study findings are discussed within the wider context of marine ecosystem services and marine protected area management. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2014
In 2008, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted seven criteria to identify Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) “…in need of protection, in open ocean waters and deep sea habitats”. This paper reviews the history of the development of the “EBSA process”, which was originally driven by the commitment to establish marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisdiction, but which has since broadened to encompass the possibility of informing marine spatial planning and other activities, both within and beyond national jurisdiction. Additionally, the paper summarizes ongoing efforts through CBD regional workshops to describe EBSAs and the development of the EBSA Repository, where information on these areas is to be stored. The overlap between the EBSA criteria and biodiversity criteria suites used by various authorities in areas beyond national jurisdiction is illustrated. The EBSA process has reached a critical juncture, whereby a large percentage of the global ocean has been considered by the regional workshops, but the procedure by which these areas can be incorporated into formal management structures has not yet been fully developed. Emerging difficulties regarding the mandate to describe, identify, endorse, or adopt EBSAs, are discussed. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2014
Various international treaty bodies and non-governmental organisations continuously urge States to establish a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Although this goal is far from being reached, the OSPAR Convention may serve as an example illustrating the efforts made on a regional level for the North-East Atlantic. However, these efforts to effectively protect the marine environment are subject to limitations under the Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Likewise, the OSPAR Convention itself restricts the scope of such protected areas. The OSPAR Convention does not adequately cover all human uses of the oceans that may interfere with a protected area, and it lacks opportunities for internationalised enforcement measures. Consequently, the responsibility for effective conservation measures under the OSPAR model ultimately remains with individual Contracting Parties, i.e. their commitment to set stricter standards and to agree on their enforcement. Nevertheless, ‘soft’ obligations such as reporting duties are suitable for collecting data on the need for protection and utilisation of the MPAs. Additionally, cooperation with regional fisheries management bodies allows for better protection of the living resources in these areas. Finally, OSPAR MPAs can draw attention to particularly vulnerable ecosystems and promote conservation standards and measures such as those developed under the auspices of the FAO. 相似文献
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Classifying levels of protection in Marine Protected Areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an important tool for the conservation of marine species and ecosystems. Yet despite the significant differences between marine and terrestrial systems in terms of their critical ecological processes, stresses, and relationships with cultural systems, methods used to characterize levels of protection for biological diversity in MPAs are all derived from schemes developed for terrestrial systems. A new system designed to classify levels of protection in MPAs is proposed, based on criteria specifically relevant to marine systems. MPAs are characterized by each of the seven criteria: designated use, quality of natural character, extent of protection throughout the year, extent of zoning into sub-areas for multiple uses, public access, extraction of resources, and size with respect to supporting critical ecological processes. Five levels of protection are defined, labeled I-V: Wilderness Management Area (Level I), Research Management Area, Ecological Management Area, Human Recreation Management Area, and Sustainable Resource Management Area (V). A level is assigned to an MPA based on the level that matches the largest number of categories across all seven criteria. The uses and benefits of this system of classification relative to existing systems are discussed and examples of its application are illustrated using data on 83 MPAs in California (USA) and 10 globally. 相似文献
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Since the 1980s, there have been continuous increases in the coverage of marine protected areas (MPAs) in China, and a total of 158 MPAs have been declared. The MPA system in China is characterized by (1) decentralised designation and management with reduced control from the central government; (2) a dominance of de jure fully protected MPAs that are often implemented as de facto multiple-use areas; and (3) a lack of objective evaluation processes. To improve China's MPA system requires an appropriate integration of fully protected and multiple-use MPAs, and an approach that balances the advantages of top-down and bottom-up approaches. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2014
For nearly a decade, governments have been discussing the need to improve efforts to conserve and sustainably use marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Support for a new international agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – an Implementing Agreement – on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ has been growing. In June 2012, at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, States agreed to take a decision on the development of an international instrument under UNCLOS before the end of the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), which runs from September 2014 to August 2015. In follow-up to this commitment, it was agreed to consider the “scope, parameters and feasibility” of this instrument. To inform these international discussions, this article highlights some potential options for the content of a new UNCLOS Implementing Agreement. It first reviews the history of UN discussions, and then elaborates on options to address key elements identified as priorities for States in 2011: marine genetic resources, including the sharing of benefits, area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. It addresses cross-cutting issues such as the governing principles, institutional structure as well as on other critical points such as High Seas fishing and flag State responsibilities. The article concludes with suggestions on possible next steps in order to succeed in the negotiations for an agreement. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2016
Marine scientific research is crucial to forge solutions in the development of a new international legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . The transfer of marine technology, capacity development and marine genetic resources are key issues. This paper examines how the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), as a competent international organisation for marine scientific research and technology transfer, can inform the development of the instrument. Synergies between marine technology transfer and non-monetary benefit sharing of genetic resources are illustrated. Four key lessons from the IOC are examined: 1. Coordinating international cooperation in marine scientific research; 2. Enabling open access to data and knowledge; 3. Facilitating capacity development through scientific training and education; and 4. Governance of marine scientific research. Realising the potential of the IOC to advance governance solutions for ABNJ will depend on increased political will from Member States and strengthened partnerships to reduce resource constraints and enhance the IOC's capacity at global and regional scales. 相似文献
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Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea: Objectives, Effectiveness and Monitoring 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Simonetta Fraschetti Antonio Terlizzi Fiorenza Micheli Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi Ferdinando Boero 《Marine Ecology》2002,23(S1):190-200
Abstract. The number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is continuously increasing worldwide because of the increasing recognition of the profound effects that humans can have on marine systems. A large body of literature deals with marine reserves and their potential as conservation and management tools. In several cases, empirical evidence demonstrated that reserves can harbour greater diversity, higher abundance, and larger organisms than unprotected areas. In most cases, however, reserve design and site selection involved little scientific justification, with no direct test of most of the mechanisms assumed to work in a marine reserve. Field investigations of subtidal marine reserves are generally confounded by intrinsic ecological differences between sites investigated inside and outside reserves, by a lack of site and reserve replication, or by the absence of information about the biota before reserve establishment. This is particularly true in the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this paper is to show that, at least in the Mediterranean basin, the effectiveness of MPAs has been rarely demonstrated because of lack of appropriate sampling designs. An MPA can be considered as a zone subjected to human impact, presumably a positive one. As a consequence, we propose the use of experimental procedures generally utilised for detecting environmental impacts. 相似文献
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With the UK Marine Bill promoting the creation of a network of marine protected areas and similar commitments in other countries there is a need for tools to assist in their design and management. Although physical science often drives designation, the implementation of marine protected areas also encompasses political and socio-economic issues. This paper focuses on one tool in the armoury of decision-makers: choice experiments. It illustrates its application to the quantification of aspects of socio-economic value not readily incorporated into the evaluation of the costs and benefits of marine protected areas utilising cold-water deep coral reefs off the Republic of Ireland. 相似文献