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Hiroshi Takeda 《Journal of Oceanography》1985,41(4):199-206
Transmission and reflection problems when kissing≓ occurs among planetary and topographic Rossby waves in a two-layer ocean are studied. The slope parameterS(=dh
2/dx, whereh
2is the thickness of the lower layer) is assumed to have constant values in the regionsx 0 andxL and to vary linearly with the increase ofx in the region0xL (refer to Fig. 2 in the text). Furthermore, a wave is entered fromx=– and kissing is assumed to occur in the region (0<)x
axxb(<L).It is found that a wave of the same type as the incident wave is mainly transmitted when the width of the region in which kissing occurs,L
kiss(=tx
b–xa), is smaller than
kiss=2/(¦K¦+
y/2), whereK is a representative wavenumber in the regionx
ab, y is they-component of , and is the frequency. WhenL
kiss is larger than
kiss, on the other hand, the main wave transmitted is of a different type to the incident wave. As an application, transmission and reflection problems of planetary Rossby waves are considered, and it is shown that when an external (internal) planetary Rossby wave is entered, an internal (external) one can be transmitted due to the effect of kissing. 相似文献
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Monitoring of position of the Kuroshio axis in the Tokara Strait using sea level data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Properties of the index of position of the Kuroshio axis in the Tokara Strait, named the Kuroshio position index (KPI), were examined using sea-level data during 1984–92. The index is KPI=(X+M
x
)/(Y+M
y
whereX(Y) is the anomaly of sea-level difference of Nakanoshima (Naze) minus Nishinoomote from the 1984–92 meanM
x
(M
y
). The correlation with the latitude of the Kuroshio axis in the Tokara Strait concluded that the KPI withM
x
/M
y
=0.83 and realisticM
y
(100±40 cm) best indicates the position of the Kuroshio axis in the strait. The KPI withM
x
=83 cm andM
y
=100 cm was newly called the KPI as the best index. Using daily values of this KPI, the relation between the position of the Kuroshio in the strait and the large meander of the Kuroshio shown by Kawabe (1995) was confirmed and studied in detail. A large meander forms (ends) 3.3 (5.1) months after a northward (southward) shift of the Kuroshio in the Tokara Strait. Yet, a temporary southward shift with a duration of ten to twenty days does not finish the large-meander (LM) path. At the LM formation, a small meander southeast of Kyushu begins to move eastward associated with the northward shift. The processes of LM formation and decay are started by the meridional move of the Kuroshio axis in the Tokara Strait. The Kuroshio axis at the FES line during the LM path is located farther north by 7 latitude than that during the non-large-meander (NLM) path. The latitude during the LM formation (decay) stage is a little higher (lower) than that during the LM (NLM) period, though the Kuroshio still takes an NLM (LM) path. 相似文献
4.
基于河口潮间带底栖微藻群落水平的环境质量状态评价 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The feasibility of community-based bioassessment of environmental quality status was studied using microphytobenthos(MPB) in estuarine intertidal ecosystems.The sediment samples of MPB were collected monthly during a 1-year cycle(September 2006–August 2007) at four sampling stations in the Nakdong River Estuary,Korea.Environmental variables,such as salinity,radiation,grain size of sediment,Si(OH)_4(Si),nitrate(NO_3~–),nitrite(NO_2~–),ammonium(NH_4~+) and phosphates(PO_4~(3–)),were measured synchronously for comparison with biotic parameters.The statistical analyses were carried out for assessment the relationship between biotic and environmental parameters.The results showed that:(1) the MPB community structures were significant differences among four sampling stations;(2) spatial variation in the MPB communities were significantly correlated with environmental variables,especially the nutrient NH_4+ in combination with salinity and grain size;(3) three species(Navicula lacustris,Pleurosigma anglulatum and Fragilaria sp.1) were significantly correlated with nutrients and/or Si;and(4) the species richness and diversity were significantly correlated with the grain size.It is suggested that MPB communities may be used as a potentially robust bioindicator for assessing environmental quality status in estuarine intertidal ecosystems. 相似文献
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采用KKR-CPA-LDA方法研究了CuMnAl,CoMnAl和CuCoMnAl四元合金中磁性原子磁矩和Co-Mn间的交换作用.通过与实验结果对比,揭示了Mn的磁矩和Co的磁矩以及它们的相互作用随成分变化的规律.研究发现,在Cu50Mn25+xAl25-x合金中超过化学配比并占据Al位的Mn原子是反铁磁的,而且由于近邻环境的不同,其磁矩大于原有Mn原子的磁矩.在Co50Mn25+< 相似文献
7.
D. B. Nedwell L. F. Dong A. Sage G. J. C. Underwood 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2002,54(6):951
The annual loads of nutrients (TOxN equal to nitrate+nitrite; ammonium, phosphate, silicate) to all the estuaries on the mainland of the United Kingdom were estimated from data on water flow through gauging stations at the tidal limits of estuaries, and from concentration measurements under the Harmonised Monitoring Scheme of nutrient concentrations in water samples from these stations. The annual loads of nutrients showed distinct regional variations, with estuaries along the west coast of Wales and northern Scotland having much smaller loads than those along the east coast of England. The largest nitrogen loads were of TOxN, and ammonium loads were usually small in comparison. The Severn, Mersey, Humber and Thames had the highest loads, although these were small in relation to the larger continental European estuaries. Loads of TOxN per unit of catchment area were surprisingly constant (about 105 moles N km−2 y−1). The nutrient loads showed that most U.K. catchments were influenced by human activity, the majority being in the ‘ moderately influenced ’ category. Nutrient loads were also normalized for the area of each estuary, as a measure of the relative influence of nutrients on the receiving estuaries. The ratios of N:P, N:Si and P:Si in the annual loads suggested that most estuaries were likely to be, if anything, P limited rather than N or Si limited. However, crude annual loads may conceal significant seasonal variations.The spring maximum chlorophylla concentrations in coastal waters adjacent to each estuary were significantly correlated with the log total annual loads of TOxN, ammonium and phosphate (but not silicate) for each estuary, providing a direct link between a measure of the degree of biological response in coastal waters and the nutrient load through the estuaries. There were no significant correlations between spring maximum chlorophyll a concentrations and either catchment-normalized or estuary-normalized nutrient loads. There was significant correlation between catchment area-normalized loads of phosphate and an urbanization index for the catchments, but not with the catchment area-normalized loads of the other nutrients. 相似文献
8.
长江口及邻近海区营养盐结构与限制 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过研究长江口及邻近海域溶解无机氮(DIN=NO3-+NO2-+NH4+)、磷酸盐(PO43-)、硅酸盐(SiO32-)所表征的营养盐区域结构特征及影响因素,在分析营养盐绝对限制情况的基础上,划分了潜在相对营养限制区域。结果表明,123°E以西近岸表层区域DIN/P比值全年均高于16,而Si/DIN除秋季外基本小于1,显示出长江冲淡水影响下"过量氮"的特征。春夏季河口锋面区(31°~32.5°N,122.5°~124°E)硅藻的大量生长可使DIN/P异常升高和Si/DIN异常降低。秋季研究区域北部DIN/P西低东高且Si/DIN西高东低是由于在高DIN、低PO43-的长江冲淡水影响下,近岸受相对低DIN、高SiO32-的苏北沿岸流南下入侵影响而被分割而成。冬季长江口门东北部存在的高DIN/P和低Si/DIN区则主要由于寡营养盐的黑潮水深入陆架,向东北输送的部分长江冲淡水和增强的苏北沿岸流共同作用造成DIN升高所致。利用Redfield比值进行了不同站位表层潜在相对营养限制情况的区分。近岸123°E以西受高DIN、SiO32-长江冲淡水影响,四季多呈现PO43-潜在相对限制,而在春夏季由于浮游植物的大量吸收PO43-,造成局部PO43-绝对限制及潜在相对限制。春夏季氮限(DIN潜在相对限制)一般发生在外海部分站位,但较为零散。秋季除了东南外海大部分站位外,受苏北沿岸流影响在长江口北部近岸也存在氮限。随着低DIN/P的黑潮表层水(KSW)的入侵加强,冬季外海氮限站位增多。硅限(SiO32-潜在相对限制)在夏季发生在赤潮高发区,而冬季南部存在较多硅限站位表明KSW中SiO32-相对较为缺乏。 相似文献
9.
Edwardsiella tarda is one of the most important emerging pathogens in the global aquaculture industries. As such, an accurate diagnosis and quantitative analytical methods are urgently needed for this bacterium. In this study, primers and a TaqMan probe specific to the conservative sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of E. tarda were designed. The concentration of primers and TaqMan probe were optimized to 200 nmol/L and 120 nmol/L, respectively. The detection sensitivity of the FQ-PCR assay was determined to be as low as five copies of the target sequence per reaction using the pGEM-16S rDNA recombinant plasmid as a template, which was 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. A standard curve by plotting the threshold cycle values （y） against the common logarithmic copies （log10 nc as x; nc is copy number） of pGEM-16S rDNA was generated. The results of intra-and inter-assay variability tests demonstrate that the established FQ-PCR method was highly reproducible. The assay was specific for E. tarda as it showed that there was no cross-reactivity to eight additional bacterial pathogen strains in aquaculture. Thus, the FQ-PCR assay has the potential for diagnostic purposes and for other applications, especially for the rapid detection and quantification of low-grade E. tarda infections. 相似文献
10.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(23):2197-2207
To elucidate the origin of the silicic acid (DSi) anomaly observed along the 4000 isobath on the Congo margin, we have established a benthic Si mass balance and performed direct measurements of biogenic silica (bSiO2) dissolution in the deep waters and in the sediments. Results strongly suggest that the anomaly originates from the sediments; the intensity of DSi recycling is consistent with the degradation of organic matter, as observed from Si:O2 ratios in the benthic fluxes compared to that ratio observed in the anomalies. Strong imbalances, observed in both the Si and C mass balances, suggest that the biogenic matter that degrades and dissolves in these sediments near 4000 m does not come from pelagic sedimentation. It is probably not coming also from the deep channel, because observations were similar in the deep channel vicinity (site D) and further south, far from its influence (site C). The composition of the sediments, with an Si:C ratio close to that observed on continental shelves, suggests that this matter is coming from downslope transport. A first estimate of the magnitude of this flux at global scale, close to 12 T mol Si yr−1, suggests that it may be an important path for transferring Si from land to ocean. 相似文献
11.
桑沟湾养殖海域营养盐和沉积物-水界面扩散通量研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用2006年4,7,11月和2007年1月4个航次对桑沟湾养殖海域的观测资料,分析了该海域营养盐分布、结构特征、主要控制过程以及沉积物-水界面扩散通量,结果表明,该海域的营养盐分布具有明显的季节变化,海水中NO3-,NO2-,PO43-,DOP,TDP和SiO32-浓度皆是秋季最高,而NH4+,DON,TDN浓度则为夏季最高;各种营养盐的最低值除DON外都出现在春季。春季湾内外海水交换不畅,再加上大型藻类海带等生长旺盛期的消耗,使营养盐浓度处于较低水平,在夏秋两季丰水期沿岸河流注入对该海域营养盐的影响较大,冬季无机营养盐浓度分布主要受沿岸流的影响。磷的结构变化较大,其中DOP百分含量在夏季最高,达到81%。从春季到秋季海水中TDN的结构变化从以DON为主转变成以DIN为主。硅和氮的原子比值全年变化不大,硅和氮和氮和磷原子比值春夏两季的高于秋冬季的。分析营养盐化学计量限制标准和浮游植物生长的最低阈值结果表明,磷是春夏两季桑沟湾浮游植物生长的限制性因素;春季硅浓度低于浮游植物生长的最低阀值,也是一个潜在的限制因素。计算结果显示桑沟湾沉积物释放的NH4+,SiO32-和PO43-对初级生产力的贡献较小,与其他浅海环境相比,桑沟湾沉积物-水界面的营养盐通量处于较低或中等水平。 相似文献
12.
Allan J. Baker 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1):211-221
Criteria based on external characters are presented for aging and sexing the three New Zealand species of oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus finschi Martens, 1897, H. unicolor Forster, 1844, and H. chathamensis Hartert, 1927. Four classes are discerned: juveniles have brown dorsal plumage, a brown iris and grey legs; second‐year birds have an orange‐red iris and pale pink legs; sub‐adults have a dull red iris and pink legs; adults have a scarlet iris and bright coral pink legs. The three species can be sexed by discriminant analysis of the sexually dimorphic characters bill length (x 1), bill length:bill depth (x 2) and bill length:bill width (x 3). Linear functions and discriminating values for predicting sex are : H. ostralegus finschi 0.46x 1+3.15x 2+2.94x 3, 77.41; H. unicolor 0.12x1+6.52x2+2.85x3 , 58.05; and H. chathamemis ‐0.93x 1+1.50x 2+7.48x 3, ‐20.86. Similarly, the sexes of immature H. ostralegus finschi can be predicted : juveniles 0.73x1+ 5.76x 2 + 3.10 x3 116.57; second‐year birds 0.57x 1+5.12x 2+ 0.98x 8, 84.84; and sub‐adults 0.55x 1+1.88x 2+ 1.08x 3, 65.90.’ 相似文献
13.
Since the atmospheric correction is a necessary preprocessing step of remote sensing image before detecting green tide, the introduced error directly affects the detection precision. Therefore, the detection method of green tide is presented from Landsat TM/ETM plus image which needs not the atmospheric correction. In order to achieve an automatic detection of green tide, a linear relationship(y =0.723 x+0.504) between detection threshold y and subtraction x(x=λ_(nir)–λ_(red)) is found from the comparing Landsat TM/ETM plus image with the field surveys.Using this relationship, green tide patches can be detected automatically from Landsat TM/ETM plus image.Considering there is brightness difference between different regions in an image, the image will be divided into a plurality of windows(sub-images) with a same size firstly, and then each window will be detected using an adaptive detection threshold determined according to the discovered linear relationship. It is found that big errors will appear in some windows, such as those covered by clouds seriously. To solve this problem, the moving step k of windows is proposed to be less than the window width n. Using this mechanism, most pixels will be detected[n/k]×[n/k] times except the boundary pixels, then every pixel will be assigned the final class(green tide or sea water) according to majority rule voting strategy. It can be seen from the experiments, the proposed detection method using multi-windows and their adaptive thresholds can detect green tide from Landsat TM/ETM plus image automatically. Meanwhile, it avoids the reliance on the accurate atmospheric correction. 相似文献
14.
15.
Radium isotopes in coastal and open ocean surface waters of the Western North Pacific 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Using manganese-impregnated fiber extraction and high-efficiency gamma counting techniques, we measured the distribution of 228Ra and 226Ra in surface waters near the coast of Japan and in the western North Pacific. There is no evidence in our data that any significant amount of 228Ra is added to open ocean surface waters from the coastal waters around Tokyo Bay. High 228Ra concentrations (> 10 dpm/103 kg), were observed along the Kuroshio Current as compared to < 2.5 dpm/103 kg between 10° and 30°N of the central gyre, and hence the major source of 228Ra in the surface water is likely to be the East Asian continental shelf zones. A simple one-dimensional eddy diffusion and advection model is used to explain the observed decrease of 228Ra from coast to the open ocean. The model results indicate two mixing regimes across the Kuroshio Current System with apparent eddy diffusion coefficients of Ky = 4 × 105 cm2 s−1 at distance y < 200 km from the coast, and Ky = 4 × 107 cm2 s−1 at y > 200 km. Along 40°N where an eastward flow of the ‘Kuroshio Extension’ prevails, an advective flow of > 0.1 knot is consistent with the observation of nearly constant 228Ra along the track.The geographical distribution pattern of 228Ra is clearly different from that of atmospherically derived 210Pb. Thus the 228Ra in surface water serves as a useful tracer that accompanies fluvially and coastally derived elements during their subsequent lateral transport toward the central gyre. 相似文献
16.
Sea surface pCO2 was monitored during 49 cruises from February 1997 to December 1999 along a section perpendicular to the central California Coast. Continuous measurements of the ocean–atmosphere difference of pCO2 were made on a mooring in the same region from July 1997 to December 1999. The El Niño/La Niña cycle of 1997–1999 had a significant influence on local ocean–atmosphere CO2 transfer. During the warm anomaly associated with El Niño, upwelling was suppressed and average sea surface pCO2 was below atmospheric level. High rainfall and river runoff in the late winter and early spring of 1998 produced areas where pCO2 was depressed by as much as 100 μatm. A flux ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 mol C m−2 y−1 from the atmosphere into the ocean was estimated for the El Niño period from wind and ΔpCO2 data. Temperatures and upwelling returned to near normal in the summer of 1998, but a cold anomaly developed during autumn of that year. Temperature and pCO2 data indicate that upwelling continued throughout much of the 1998–1999 winter and intensified significantly in the spring of 1999. During strong upwelling events, the estimate of ocean to atmosphere flux approached rates of 50 mol C m−2 y−1. The estimate for the average CO2 flux from July 1998 to July 1999 was 1.5–2.2 mol C m−2 y−1 from the ocean to the atmosphere. While the flux estimate for the El Niño time period may be applicable to a larger area, the high ocean to atmosphere fluxes during La Niña might be the result of sampling near a zone of intense upwelling. 相似文献
17.
红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)形态性状对体重的影响效果 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用通径分析方法,对红鳍东方鲀表型形态性状对体重的影响效果进行研究.结果表明,所测各表型性状与体重之间的相关系数均达到显著水平(P＜0.05)或极显著水平(P＜0.01);体周长1对体重的直接影响(0.533)最大,对体重的决定程度(28.41％)最高,是影响体重的主要因素;全长对体重的直接作用(0.369)较大,间接作用(0.259)最小;体高、尾柄高对体重的直接作用(0.228,0.145)相对较小,主要通过体周长1的间接作用(0.363,0.296)影响体重.所选表型性状对体重的复相关指数R2=0.950,表明所选性状是影响体重的主要性状.利用逐步回归分析方法建立以体周长1、体高、尾柄高为自变量估计体重的多元回归回归方程为:y =-2154.095+42.072x1+33.936x2+72.687x3+50.538x4. 相似文献
18.
浒苔对NH+4-N与NO-3-N吸收的相互作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在国内首次研究了大型海洋绿潮藻浒苔(Ulva prolifera)对NH4+-N与NO 3--N两种氮源的选择吸收作用。结果表明:当两种氮源等浓度比例存在时,随着NH4+-N与NO3--N浓度升高,藻体对NH4+-N的吸收速率逐渐升高,而对NO3--N吸收受到抑制;当NO3--N和NH 4+-N高浓度比存在时,藻体对NH4-N的吸收速率随着NO3--N/NH4+-N比例的升高和NH4-N浓度的下降而降低;当NO3--N和NH4+-N低浓度比存在时,藻体对NH+4-N保持较高的吸收速率,而对NO3--N的吸收效率随着NO3--N浓度的降低而降低;浒苔具有同时利用水体中较高浓度的NH+4-N和NO3--N的能力,只有当NH4+-N或NO3--N浓度较低时,才以吸收相对应的氮源为主。这说明浒苔能够快速、大量地吸收水体中氮源,为爆发性增殖贮备物质条件。同时,即便两种氮源同时存在,浒苔对NH+4-N的吸收速率也远高于对NO3--N的吸收速率,因此,控制NH4+-N的大量输入仍是预防浒苔绿潮爆发的关键。 相似文献
19.
Concentrations of nutrients (NO3, NO2, Si(OH)4, PO4 and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were measured in a series of seawater samples collected over approximately 15 months
in 2005 and 2006 by an automatic water sampler (Remote Access Sampler, RAS) in the Northwestern North Pacific. Seasonal variability
and concentrations of NO3 + NO2 (NOx and Si(OH)4 were comparable to previous shipboard observations, although there were small errors associated with measurements of PO4 and DIC. Concentrations of these nutrients began to decrease in late April. After the end of June, NOx and Si(OH)4 decreased rapidly, with large fluctuations. After October, these nutrients increased again until late spring 2006. The ratio
of the decrease of Si(OH)4 to that of NOx suggests that numbers of biogenic opal-producing creatures, such as diatoms, increased after the end of June. This conclusion
was supported by a rapid increase in biogenic opal flux recorded in a sediment trap at 150 m. The relationship between NOx concentrations at the RAS depth of 35 m and NOx integrated over the upper 100 m was determined using previous shipboard hydrocast data. This relationship was used to estimate
integrated mixed layer NOx concentration from RAS data. Estimated new production based on seasonal drawdown of integrated NOx averaged approximately 156 mg-C m−2day−1 annually, which agrees with previous estimates. Thus, an automatic seawater sampler that documents annual maximum and minimum
nutrient concentrations and episodic events such as storms and spring blooms, which might be missed by an ordinary research
vessel, will contribute to time-series observations of nutrients and, by extension, biological pump activity. 相似文献
20.
François Fripiat Anne-Julie Cavagna Nicolas Savoye Frank Dehairs Luc André Damien Cardinal 《Marine Chemistry》2011,123(1-4):11-22
Estimation of the silicon (Si) mass balance in the ocean from direct measurements (Si uptake-dissolution rates …) is plagued by the strong temporal and spatial variability of the surface ocean as well as methodological artifacts. Tracers with different sensitivities toward physical and biological processes would be of great complementary use. Silicon isotopic composition is a promising proxy to improve constraints on the Si-biogeochemical cycle, since it integrates over longer timescales in comparison with direct measurements and since the isotopic balance allows to resolve the processes involved, i.e. uptake, dissolution, mixing. Si-isotopic signatures of seawater Si(OH)4 and biogenic silica (bSiO2) were investigated in late summer 2005 during the KEOPS experiment, focusing on two contrasting biogeochemical areas in the Antarctic Zone: a natural iron-fertilized area above the Kerguelen Plateau (< 500 m water depth) and the High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll area (HNLC) east of the plateau (> 1000 m water depth). For the HNLC area the Si-isotopic constraint identified Upper Circumpolar Deep Water as being the ultimate Si-source. The latter supplies summer mixed layer with 4.0 ± 0.7 mol Si m? 2 yr? 1. This supply must be equivalent to the net annual bSiO2 production and exceeds the seasonal depletion as estimated from a simple mixed layer mass balance (2.5 ± 0.2 mol Si m? 2 yr? 1). This discrepancy reveals that some 1.5 ± 0.7 mol Si m? 2 yr? 1 must be supplied to the mixed layer during the stratification period. For the fertilized plateau bloom area, a low apparent mixed layer isotopic fractionation value (?30Si) probably reflects (1) a significant impact of bSiO2 dissolution, enriching the bSiO2 pool in heavy isotope; and/or (2) a high Si uptake over supply ratio in mixed layer at the beginning of the bloom, following an initial closed system operating mode, which, however, becomes supplied toward the end of the bloom (low Si uptake over supply ratio) with isotopically light Si(OH)4 from below when the surface Si(OH)4 pool is significantly depleted. We estimated a net integrated bSiO2 production of 10.5 ± 1.4 mol Si m? 2 yr? 1 in the AASW above the plateau, which includes a significant contribution of bSiO2 production below the euphotic layer. However, advection which could be significant for this area has not been taken into account in the latter estimation based on a 1D approach of the plateau system. Finally, combining the KEOPS Si-isotopic data with those from previous studies, we refined the average Si-isotopic fractionation factor to ? 1.2 ± 0.2‰ for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. 相似文献