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1.
1 材料与方法实验用牡蛎为乳山湾当地养殖1a的长牡蛎,平均壳长9.63cm,肥满度20.75%,洗刷干净后,放入池内暂养。实验时随机抽取3～5个牡蛎,剥去右壳,露出软体部分,用水滴法区分雌、雄个体并将雌、雄牡蛎严格分开放置。镜检精卵的质量,选取卵子发育较好的雌体,将卵巢剥离下来,破碎后用78μm的筛绢过滤,去除较大的组织碎片,制成卵液盛于200ml的烧杯中,每隔3h观察卵子的形态,并取约8000～10000个卵子盛入10ml的小瓶中,加入2滴活泼的精液使之受精,2h后统计受精率。选取精子活跃的雄贝,取少量性腺通过滴管的吹打使精子从精巢上脱落下来,制成精液… 相似文献
2.
大治河河口无齿螳臂相手蟹生长和成熟的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
无齿螳臂相手蟹是长江口潮间带和潮上带的优势种之一,具有重要的生态功能。为探求无齿螳臂相手蟹不同阶段的异速生长和成熟状况,于2009年10月至2010年9月期间采集样本,通过聚类和分段线性回归等分析方法对雌雄蟹头胸甲、螯、腹部等形态数据进行分析,建立区别不同生长阶段的判别函数并用逻辑斯蒂回归估计其50%形态成熟点。结果如下:雌雄蟹50%形态成熟点分别为头胸甲宽18.22mm和16.36mm。雄蟹的螯宽和雌蟹的腹宽均表现出明显的异速生长;根据相对生长率的不同,雄蟹异速生长可分为三个阶段,雌蟹分为2个阶段;不成熟的雄蟹异速生长拐点发生在壳宽11.78mm,不成熟和成熟雌蟹腹部在壳宽13.04～18.64mm范围内重叠。同时研究了50%的生理成熟大小,雌雄成熟大小分别为17.50mm,17.20mm。雄性形态成熟大小小于生理成熟大小,而雌性则相反。 相似文献
3.
生活在尖紫蛤外套腔中的隐匿豆蟹的繁殖和生长 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文通过观察生活在尖紫蛤外套胺中的隐匿豆蟹性腺周年发育情况和分析头胸甲宽组成变化,研究隐匿豆蟹的繁殖和世代交替.隐匿豆蟹的繁殖期为3-10月,繁殖盛期在4月下旬至6月上旬和9月下旬至10月上旬两个繁殖高峰.隐匿豆蟹的世代交替是:在繁殖期早出生的个体,至翌年繁殖,形成第一个繁殖高峰.其中部分个体抱卵孵化后,性腺再次成熟和繁殖,这两部分豆蟹在繁殖后的当年死亡.因此这些个体,越过冬季,寿命只有1周年多.而在繁殖期晚出生的个体,翌年只繁殖一次,再过一个冬季,至第3年繁殖期再次繁殖后而死亡.这些个体越过两个冬季,寿命两周年.隐匿豆蟹生长至甲宽3.2mm后,才进入尖紫蛤外套腔中生活,在这以前,隐匿豆蟹营自由生活. 相似文献
4.
无齿螳臂相手蟹是长江口潮间带和潮上带的优势种之一,具有重要的生态功能。为探求无齿螳臂相手蟹不同阶段的异速生长和成熟状况,于2009年10月至2010年9月期间采集样本,通过聚类和分段线性回归等分析方法对雌雄蟹头胸甲、螯、腹部等形态数据进行分析,建立区别不同生长阶段的判别函数并用逻辑斯蒂回归估计其50%形态成熟点。结果如下:雌雄蟹50%形态成熟点分别为头胸甲宽18.22mm和16.36mm。雄蟹的螯宽和雌蟹的腹宽均表现出明显的异速生长;根据相对生长率的不同,雄蟹异速生长可分为三个阶段,雌蟹分为两个阶段;不成熟的雄蟹异速生长拐点发生在壳宽11.78mm,不成熟和成熟雌蟹腹部在壳宽13.04～18.64mm范围内重叠。同时研究了50%的生理成熟大小,雌雄成熟大小分别为17.50mm,17.20mm。雄性形态成熟大小小于生理成熟大小,而雌性则相反。 相似文献
5.
长江水系中华绒螯蟹野生和养殖群体选育子一代养殖性能和性腺发育的比较 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19
以长江水系大规格中华绒螯蟹野生群体和养殖群体为选育基础群,以降低一龄性早熟率、提前或延后二龄成熟期和提高成蟹规格为主要选育目标,进行中华绒螯蟹良种培育,综合比较野生和养殖群体选育子一代(野选G1,养选G1)的养殖性能和性腺发育情况,结果显示:(1)扣蟹养殖阶段,野选和养选G1的早熟率分别比对照组降低36.89%和15.25%,养选G1早熟率略高于野选G1(P0.05);野选G1在9—11月平均体重略低于养选G1和对照组,且8—9月野选G1的增重率和特定生长率显著低于对照组;野选和养选G1的正常扣蟹产量显著高于对照组,且两选育群体G1早熟蟹的产量显著低于对照组(P0.05);(2)成蟹养殖阶段,野选G1的生殖蜕壳时间和性腺发育略晚于对照组,养选G1的生殖蜕壳时间和性腺发育略早于对照组;(3)三群体中华绒螯蟹在成蟹养殖阶段的早期(3—6月)生长速度接近,6—8月野选G1雄体的增重率和特定生长率明显低于其它两组,8—9月则明显高于其它两群体雄体;野选G1雌体的生长速度仅在6—7月明显低于其它两组,7—9月则反之;(4)野选G1的平均产量显著高于对照组,两选育群体最终成蟹平均规格均高于对照组,仅野选G1雌体成蟹体重显著大于对照组(P0.05);无论雌体还是雄体,野选和养选G1成蟹平均体重均比对照组大10%以上;两选育群体雄体和雌体的大规格成蟹(雄蟹≥175g,雌蟹≥125g)比例均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。综上,野选G1具有一龄扣蟹早熟率低、二龄成蟹规格大和性腺成熟时间略有推迟等特点,养选G1具有扣蟹养殖阶段饲料系数低、性腺发育时间提前和成蟹规格大等特点,两群体G1均具有进一步选育的潜力。 相似文献
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7.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2021,(12)
针对2020年4月—5月天津地区暂养的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)扣蟹大规模暴发的"牛奶病",开展了病原分离、鉴定和致病性研究。从发病扣蟹体内分离到1株优势菌JMB-1,注射感染试验证实该菌株对中华绒螯蟹具有较强致病性,死亡率100%,病症与自然发病蟹相同;采用浸浴方式也可感染健康中华绒螯蟹,感染率相对较低,从濒死蟹体内可分离到形态与JMB-1一致的菌株。采用细菌分离、显微镜观察、PCR等技术排除细菌、中华绒螯蟹螺原体、血卵涡鞭虫、对虾白斑综合征病毒等病原的原发感染,确定菌株JMB-1为本次"牛奶病"的唯一确定病原。通过形态观察、生理生化试验及18S rRNA、26S rRNA、ITS基因序列分析将菌株JMB-1鉴定为二尖梅奇酵母(Metschnikowia bicuspidata)。扫描电镜结果显示,病蟹肝胰腺、肌间隙及结缔组织中存在大量出芽生殖的病原菌。2020年5月—10月,对天津地区稻田中养殖的中华绒螯蟹扣蟹及成蟹进行检测,未发现二尖梅奇酵母,推测"牛奶病"的暴发与养殖环境密切相关。 相似文献
8.
大通湖中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)品质分析与评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文对湖南省大通湖所产中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的成蟹,按商业品级和雌、雄,测定了其各部分含量和各项营养成分。该湖所产河蟹符合正宗中华绒螯蟹青背、白肚、金爪、黄毛的大闸蟹形态特征。肌肉、肝脏及性腺三大可食部分共占体重的38.13%,壳、鳃、胃及心脏四大非可食部分共占体重的51.56%,另有10.31%为血淋巴和组织液;3个指标分别比阳澄湖大闸蟹36.72%、53.26%、10.02%相差1.41、1.70、0.29个百分点。大通湖一级、二级商品蟹可食部分各高出阳澄湖5.29%和2.43%,营养成分中蛋白质含量高于阳澄湖6.83%和3.60%,9项微量元素总和与阳澄湖相当,17种氨基酸总和比阳澄湖高6.78%和4.20%,鲜味氨基酸比阳澄湖高10.69%和4.94%。但以上各种指标雌、雄蟹之间均存在差异,且微量元素和氨基酸组成方面雄蟹优于雌蟹。 相似文献
9.
根据2010年春季对台湾海峡中部日本鲭的生物学测定数据及怀卵量计数结果,对其产卵群体的生物学特征进行了研究.结果表明：日本鲭产卵群体性比符合1∶1的雌雄性比关系;叉长范围212.00～271.00 mm,平均244.76 mm,优势组230.00～260.00 mm;雌鱼最小性成熟叉长225.00 mm,雄鱼最小性成熟叉长221.00 mm;体质量范围110.99～242.00 g,平均170.97 g,优势组130.00～220.00 g.雌雄个体的性腺成熟度均以Ⅳ～Ⅴ期为主,摄食强度均较高,雌鱼平均摄食强度为2.00,雄鱼平均摄食强度为2.25;雌鱼的平均摄食强度随性腺成熟度的提高呈下降趋势,而雄鱼正好相反;在达到完全性成熟前,雌雄鱼的性腺指数GSI都随着性腺的发育而增加,雌鱼的平均性腺指数GSI略高于雄鱼;绝对怀卵量5.283 5万～16.884 7万粒,平均10.405 0万±0.611 8万粒;叉长相对怀卵量227～625粒/mm,平均423±22粒/mm.随着叉长的增加,怀卵量也持续增加.叉长250.00 mm以上个体怀卵量相对于250.00 mm以下个体出现大幅增加趋势.与20世纪80年代研究结果相比,目前该海域日本鲭的大量性成熟年龄由2龄提前为1龄,最小性成熟年龄即为大量性成熟年龄;产卵群体年龄组成由1～5龄转变为1～2龄,优势组由2～3龄下降为1龄;产卵群体平均绝对怀卵量下降了33.23%.因此,为了保护该海域日本鲭资源并提高种群数量和年龄结构,应该首先制定合理的最小开捕叉长,同时在其春汛产卵期采取必要的休渔措施及在主要产卵场设立保护区. 相似文献
10.
以筛选的2个可鉴别的地中海贻贝（Mytilus galloprovincialis）、厚壳贻贝（M.coruscus）及其杂交后代的PCR标记（扩增核基因Glu-5’特异片段PCR标记Me14/Me17和延伸因子1α第一个内含子区段PCR标记引物EFbisF/EFbisR）,对舟山海域3个贻贝主产区（马鞍列岛海域、浪岗山列岛海域、中街山列岛海域）采集的贻贝样本的种类进行鉴别.研究结果显示：100个马鞍列岛海域贻贝个体和30个中街山列岛海域贻贝个体均为厚壳贻贝;而54个浪岗山列岛海域贻贝样本中,16个个体（29.6%）为厚壳贻贝,38个个体（70.4%）为地中海贻贝;3个群体中均未检测到2种贻贝的杂交个体.因此,推测舟山海域地中海贻贝自然分布仅局限于局部海区,但在适宜的海区地中海贻贝可取代厚壳贻贝成为贻贝床的优势物种,舟山海域贻贝床的动态变化值得进一步关注;贻贝样本中没有检测到地中海贻贝与厚壳贻贝的杂交个体,表明调查海域可能没有杂交贻贝分布或数量极少,地中海贻贝通过杂交、基因渐渗污染厚壳贻贝基因组的风险较小. 相似文献
11.
J. B. Jones 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):667-676
The pea crab Pinnotheres novaezelandiae Filhol (Brachyura: Pinnotheridac) infests the mussel Perna canaliculus (Gmelin) in Wellington Harbour. The crab passes through the same post‐planktonic stages as other pea crabs. The number of eggs hatching increases over summer, although females can be found incubating eggs at any time of the year. Shellfish below the level of low water neap tide are more heavily infested than those above this level. Damage to the host is restricted to erosion of the demibranchs and nodule formation on the mantle. 相似文献
12.
Indirect Effects of Epibiosis on Host Mortality: Seastar Predation on Differently Fouled Mussels 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
In situ experiments were run with the seastar Asterias rubens to investigate the influence of epibiosis on predation preferences. Mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) monospecifically fouled by different epibiont species (the barnacle Balanus improvisus , the red filamentous alga Ceramium strictum , the sponge Halichondria panicea and the hydrozoan Laomedea flexuosa ) and macroscopically clean mussels were exposed and seastar predation was monitored by SCUBA. Asterias rubens preferred macroscopical unfouled mussels as prey. Fouling generally reduced predation pressure on the mussel hosts (associational resistance). Barnacles protected mussels less efficiently than hydrozoans or algae.
We hypothesize that in top-down controlled communities this influence of epibiosis on predation pressure should affect mussel community patterns. A survey of natural mussel-epibiont distribution in the presence or absence of A. rubens showed that the prevalence of differently fouled mussels differed between predation-exposed and predation-protected habitats. Natural mussel-epibiont associations reflected the preferential predation of the major local predators. Additionally, higher epibiotic diversity and evenness could be observed at locations accessible to benthic predators as compared with habitats protected from predation.
As blue mussels and seastars are important structuring and controlling elements in the shallow water community of Kiel Fjord, major consequences of epibiosis on the entire system are discussed. 相似文献
We hypothesize that in top-down controlled communities this influence of epibiosis on predation pressure should affect mussel community patterns. A survey of natural mussel-epibiont distribution in the presence or absence of A. rubens showed that the prevalence of differently fouled mussels differed between predation-exposed and predation-protected habitats. Natural mussel-epibiont associations reflected the preferential predation of the major local predators. Additionally, higher epibiotic diversity and evenness could be observed at locations accessible to benthic predators as compared with habitats protected from predation.
As blue mussels and seastars are important structuring and controlling elements in the shallow water community of Kiel Fjord, major consequences of epibiosis on the entire system are discussed. 相似文献
13.
The determination of costs and benefits experienced by crustaceans as a result of occupation by their symbionts has received increased attention from marine ecologists. However, the interactions between some important species and their associates remain unclear. We examined the distribution of amphipods in the genus Ischyrocerus on the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, a commercially important species, in two areas of the Barents Sea. Ischyrocerus commensalis was found on 30.5% of crabs in Dalnezelenetskaya Bay (DZB) with the mean number per crab being 55.1, in Dolgaya Bay (DLB) these rates were 28.6% with 19.3 specimens per crab. Sympatric species Ischyrocerus anguipes was found on 13.5% of crabs in DZB with a mean of 7.3 individuals per host, in DLB it had much lower occurrence (1.3% and 1.5 specimens per host). There were no significant differences between proportions of male and female crabs infested by amphipods in both areas examined. Prevalence of amphipods was similar among years examined except for I. commensalis on small crabs (carapace length CL <90 mm) and I. anguipes on large crabs (CL >90 mm) in DZB. We found that I. commensalis and I. anguipes are not egg predators of P. camtschaticus in the Barents Sea, at least in summer. High numbers of I. commensalis occur in crab gills, and both mean intensity of the amphipods and their empty tubes increased with crab size. In the gills, I. commensalis predominated in the section nearest the mouth parts. Possible negative impacts for the hosts due to gills infestation are discussed. In contrast, I. anguipes were predominately found on the carapace and limbs of crabs and appears to be a less specific symbiont of P. camtschaticus. Both amphipod species seem to be commensals, however possible negative impacts for the host could not be excluded. 相似文献
14.
Taban IC Bechmann RK Torgrimsen S Baussant T Sanni S 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):701-705
The single-cell microgel electrophoresis assay or the comet assay was used to evaluate DNA damage of dispersed crude oil on sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and mussels (Mytilus edulis L.). Sea urchins were exposed to 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L dispersed crude oil in a continuous flow system, while the mussels were exposed to 0.015, 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L dispersed crude oil. Sea urchin coelomocytes and mussel haemocytes were sampled after 4 and 5 weeks exposure, respectively. In the sea urchin coelomocytes, there was a significant concentration-related increase in the percentage of DNA in comet tail. In mussel haemocytes, there was a significantly higher percentage of DNA in comet tail for all treatments compared to the control. The responses were concentration-related up to 0.06 mg/L oil. The two highest exposure concentrations of mussels were not significantly different from each other. These results indicate that the comet assay can be used for biomonitoring of DNA damage in marine invertebrates following oil contamination. 相似文献
15.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):713-722
Up to 12 marine mollusc and three crab species are thought to have been deliberately or accidentally introduced to South Africa. Of these, only the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the European shore crab Carcinus meanas have become invasive. M. galloprovincialis, probably introduced in the late 1970s, is already the dominant mussel throughout the Cape west coast. As a result, indigenous intertidal mussels Aulacomya ater have been largely displaced, mussel standing stock has increased and the upshore limit of mussel beds has become considerably elevated. Implications include competitive exclusion of large limpets but enhanced recruitment of juvenile limpets, increased habitat availability for mussel infauna, reduction of habitat for algal infauna and enhanced food availability for predators, particularly terrestrial species. C. maenas was first recorded from Table Bay Docks in 1983 and currently ranges from Camps Bay to Saldanha Bay. Although it is a voracious predator, it appears unable to colonize wave-swept shores, so is unlikely to displace indigenous crabs, or to severely impact prey species on the open coast. Valuable conservation areas and mariculture sites in sheltered lagoonal areas are, however, threatened by it. 相似文献
16.
为探讨河蟹生长特点以及渔获物与放养规格的关系，用有序样品的Fish聚类分析法首次对中华绒螯蟹的渔获物组成进行分析。结果显示，黄河三角洲广南水库沉砂池2000年河蟹渔获物可以分为3个群体，与其放养的3个不同规格群体相对应；据此推算了不同放养规格的回捕率；并对雌、雄生长和性成熟的差异以及合理的放养规格进行了探讨。 相似文献
17.
Juvenile mussels (Mytilus edulis) were transplanted to Howe Sound, British Columbia, Canada, along an apparent pollution gradient of acid mine drainage (AMD) from an abandoned copper (Cu) mine. Cages containing 75 mussels each were placed at a total of 15 stations and were exposed to concentrations of dissolved Cu in surface waters ranging from 5 to 1009 micrograms/l for a period of 41 days. Mussels located at stations closer to the source of AMD at the mouth of Britannia Creek bioaccumulated higher concentrations of Cu and zinc (Zn) in their tissues. Mussel growth was adversely affected by Cu tissue concentrations above 20 micrograms/g dry wt., while declines in survival and condition index occurred in mussels that bioaccumulated greater than 40 micrograms/g dry wt. Cu. Tissue Zn concentrations (117-192 micrograms/g dry wt.) were likely not high enough to have a direct impact on mussel health. Reduced survival of transplanted mussels was supported by an absence of natural mussels in contaminated areas. Phytoplankton was also severely reduced in areas contaminated by mine waters. Based on the weight of evidence, AMD from the Britannia mine had a deleterious impact on mussel survival in a zone extending at least 2.1 km to the north and 1.7 km to the south of Britannia Creek on the east shore of Howe Sound. 相似文献
18.
Effects of habitat complexity on cannibalism rates in European green crabs (Carcinus maenas Linnaeus, 1758) 
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下载免费PDF全文 The habitat in which predator–prey interactions take place may have a profound influence on the outcome of those interactions. Cannibalism is an intriguing form of predation whereby foraging by predators may contribute to the regulation of their own populations.This is particularly interesting in the case of invasive species, like the widely distributed European green crab (Carcinus maenas). This study explores how habitat complexity influences cannibalism rates in green crab populations of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Canada. Both laboratory and field experiments were conducted to measure feeding rates by individual adult green crabs on a standard number of smaller conspecifics. In the laboratory, experimental treatments mimicked unstructured to increasingly structured habitats: water, sandy bottom, oyster shells, mussel shells, oyster shells with sandy bottom and mussel shells with sandy bottom. In those trials, adult green crabs consumed several times more juveniles on unstructured habitats than on the most structured ones, with a gradual decrease in predation rates across increasingly complex habitats. Field inclusion experiments used the same approach and were conducted in sandy bottoms, sandy bottoms with a layer of oyster shells and sandy bottoms with a layer of mussel shells. These trials showed similar patterns of decreasing feeding rates across increasingly complex habitats, but differences among treatments were not significant. These results support the idea that complex habitats have the potential to mediate predator–prey interactions, including adult–juvenile cannibalism in green crabs. 相似文献
19.
Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxic amino acid produced by several marine algal species of the Pseudo-nitzschia (PN) genus. We studied the elimination of DA from hemolymph after intravascular (IV) injection in razor clams (Siliqua patula), mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister). Crabs were also injected with two other organic acids, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and kainic acid (KA). For IV dosing, hemolymph was repetitively sampled and DA concentrations measured by HPLC-UV. Toxicokinetic analysis of DA in crabs suggested most of the injected dose remained within hemolymph compartment with little extravascular distribution. This observation is in sharp contrast to results obtained from clams and mussels which exhibited similarly large apparent volumes of distribution despite large differences in overall clearance. These findings suggest fundamentally different storage and elimination processes are occurring for DA between bivalves and crabs. 相似文献
20.
Abstract. Pinnotherid crabs are typically found associated with many benthic invertebrates. On sandy beaches of southern Brazil, Pinnixa patagoniensis R athbun , 1918 inhabits burrows of the ghost shrimp Sergio mirim R odrigues , 1971. The population dynamics of this crab were studied from monthly samples taken between March 1989 and November 1991 near the Patos Lagoon outlet, southern Brazil ca. 32°13'S; 52°15'W. There was no correlation between the number and size of the crabs and the size of their respective hosts. Mean densities and incidence reached 3.1 indiv. opening-1 range: 0 to 29 and 83.9%. respectively. Sex-ratios were not significantly different from 1:1 for the different size classes and sampling dates. Ovigerous females were found between October and March, showing an average fecundity of 1529 eggs per female. The annual recruitment pattern was bimodal, with a minor peak in summer and a fall peak that accounted for almost 70% of the population maintenance. Males and females both reached a maximum carapace width of 11.5 mm and had a life span of nearly two years as estimated from fitted von B ertalanffy growth curve parameters. 相似文献