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1.
During the last decade of the 20th century, extensive conversion in agricultural land use took place in Northeast China. The goal of this study is to ascertain its spatial distribution and regional differentiation, determine its causes, and analyze its environmental impact, Especially we attempt to elucidate how institutional constraints have facilitated the change at a time of agrarian restructuring when newly emerging free market was hybridized with the former planned economy. Information on six categories of land use was mapped from interpretation of Landsat TM images recorded in 1990,1995 and 2000. Most of land use changes took place during the first half of the decade, coinciding with abrupt and chaotic changes in government directives. Farmland was changed mainly to woodland,water body and built-up areas while woodland and grassland were converted chiefly to farmland.Spatially, the change from farmland to woodland was restricted to the west of the study area. The change from grassland to farmland took place in the grazing and farming interlocked west. These chaotic and occasionally conflicting changes were largely caused by lack of stability and consistency in agricultural land use policies promulgated. They have exerted adverse impacts on the local environment, including land degradation, increased flooding, and modified climate regime. 相似文献
2.
The causes and environmental effects of land use conversion during agricultural restructuring in Northeast China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1IntroductionLand use change has received lots of attention internationally (Turner etal., 1994). Understanding of the mechanism of land use change and its adverse effect on the environment is conducive to understanding of population, resources, environment and sustainable economic development on the global, national and regional scales. With the rapid rise in human population, human-induced changes in land use form an important component of regional environmental change. In China, to emphasi… 相似文献
3.
During the last quarter of the 20th century the agrarian sector in China went through a series of reforms. Changes in government policy on land use led to extensive changes in land cover, culminating in the 1990s. These changes were detected from multi-temporal Landsat TM images of 1990, 1995 and 2000 for Northeast China. Overlay of the mapped land cover in ArcInfo showed that farmland and grassland decreased while water, built-up areas, and woodland increased. More than three-quarters of the detected changes occurred during 1990–1995. Farmland changed mainly to woodland, water, and built-up areas while woodland and grassland were converted chiefly to farmland. Spatially, the change from woodland to farmland adjoined the margin of natural forests while change in the opposite direction was restricted to the agropastoral west. Paradoxically, reclamation of grassland to farmland also took place in the agropastoral west. These conflicting changes were caused primarily by lack of stability and consistency in the government's land use policies. 相似文献
4.
Using Landsat remote sensing images, we analyzed changes in each land use type and transitions among different land use types during land use and land cover change (LUCC) in Ningwu County, located in the eastern Loess Plateau of China, from 1990 to 2010. We found that grassland, woodland, and farmland were the main land use types in the study area, and the area of each type changed slightly from 1990 to 2010, whereas the area of water, construction land, and unused land increased greatly. For the whole area, the net change and total change were insignificant due to weak human activity intensity in most of the study area, and the LUCC was dominated by quasi-balanced two-way transitions from 1990 to 2010. The insignificant overall amount of LUCC appears to have resulted from offsetting of rapid increases in population, economic growth, and the implementation of a program to return farmland to woodland and grassland in 2000. This program converted more farmland into woodland and grassland from 2000 to 2010 than from 1990 to 2000, but reclamation of woodland and grassland for use as farmland continued from 2000 to 2010, and is a cause for concern to the local government. 相似文献
5.
监测土地利用/覆盖及生态系统服务价值变化是评估生态工程效益最直接有效的方式。以京津风沙源治理工程区为研究区,基于土地利用/覆盖变化面积和植被覆盖度等指标,从土地利用/覆盖类型转换和土地覆盖渐变两个角度揭示区域土地利用/覆盖变化过程;并运用改进的当量因子法,评估同期生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明：区域草地面积超过总面积的一半,总体上呈现草地和耕地集中分布,林地、沙丘零散镶嵌的格局。1990—2018年,区域沙地、草地面积减少,耕地、林地面积增加;同时,沙地上表现出植被覆盖增加的渐变特征,增速为每10年约增长4.22%。同期区域生态系统服务价值呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,生态工程实施后,2010—2018年生态系统服务价值增加明显。1990—2018年,生态系统服务价值总体上增加了3 655.21亿元,其中,由土地利用/覆盖类型变化导致的价值增加量为120.53亿元,而由土地覆盖渐变导致的增加量为5 355.04亿元。土地覆盖渐变对生态系统服务价值的影响不容忽视,我们建议在生态建设过程中,不仅要重视退耕还林、未利用地造林种草等土地利用/覆盖方式的改变,更要关注草地和林地的修复和恢复,注重生态工程成果的维持和质量的提升。 相似文献
6.
Ya Luo Shengtian Yang Changsen Zhao Xiaoyan Liu Changming Liu Linna Wu Haigen Zhao Yichi Zhang 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(5):802-814
In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that： 1） Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57%of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998.2） Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including （a） low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, （b） medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, （c） farmland to other woodland, and （d） farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3） The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China. 相似文献
7.
LUO Ya YANG Shengtian ZHAO Changsen LIU Xiaoyan LIU Changming WU Linna ZHAO Haigen ZHANG Yichi 《地理学报》2014,24(5):802-814
In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that: 1) Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57% of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998. 2) Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including (a) low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, (b) medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, (c) farmland to other woodland, and (d) farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3) The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China. 相似文献
8.
Rapid land landscape change has taken place in many arid and semi-arid regions such as the vulnerable ecological area over the last decade. In this paper, we quantified land landscape change of Yulin in this area between 1985 and 2000 using remote sensing and GIS. It was found that fallow landscape decreased by 125,148 hm2 while grassland and woodland increased by 107,975 hm2 and 17,157 hm2, respectively. The major factors responsible for these changes are identified as the change in the government policy on preserving the environment, continued growth in mining, and urbanization. The efforts in restoring the deteriorated ecosystem have reaped certain benefits in reducing the spatial extent of sandy land through replacement by non-irrigated farmland, woodland and grassland. On the other hand, continued expansion of mining industry and urbanization has exerted adverse impacts on the land landscape. At present regional economic development conflicts directly with the protection of the natural environment. Such a conflict has caused the destruction to the land resources and fragmentation of the landscape accompanied by land desertification, the case is even serious in some localities. 相似文献
9.
中国西北半干旱区土地景观变化成因--以榆林市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1 Introduction Landscape change is a result of the complex interactions between physical, biological, political, economic and social driving forces (Moody and Woodcock 1995; Apan et al., 2002). Landscape in arid and semi-arid China is extremely vulnerabl… 相似文献
10.
阴山中段山地土地利用类型转换格局分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用1990年TM数据和2000年ETM数据,以农牧交错带的阴山山地中段为研究区,分析1990～2000年土地利用类型的空间分异规律,重点探讨各土地利用类型中耕地、林地和草地的变化过程。研究表明,耕地的转移流向主要集中于草地,而草地的转移流向又集中于耕地,林地消失区主要转变为草地。阴山北麓为草地向耕地转变的集中区域;阴山南部是林地向草地转变最为集中的区域;阴山中部土地利用类型相互转化相对较少。在土地利用的垂向变化上,耕地减少区域集中分布于海拔1500～1600m及1700～1850m;而其他土地利用类型向耕地转变的集中分布区域大致在海拔1700～1900m范围;海拔1600-1800m为草地-耕地相互转移变化最为集中的区域;草地面积主要在海拔1450-1600m范围增加,在1650-1800m范围内减少;林地除在海拔2000～2200m范围内与非林地相互转变大致持平外,在其余地区均发生退化。海拔1800m和海拔2100左右是本农牧交错带山地土地利用类型波动最为集中的两个分布区。 相似文献
11.
基于遥感和GIS的松嫩沙地土地利用/土地覆被时空格局研究 总被引：23，自引：9，他引：14
利用1986年和2000年2期TM影像资料,建立相应的空间图形库系统,定量分析了松嫩沙地典型区近15a来土地利用数量变化,从土地利用斑块特征、斑块空间邻接关系变化和主导变化类型角度对土地利用/覆被格局进行了清晰的空间描述。结果表明,研究时段内该区土地利用量变和质变活跃。耕地面状成片、条带状延伸和斑块状空间扩展,从整体上呈现集中化特征。较大面积的草地和林地被分割、破碎化,小块盐碱化草地空间聚集与扩张。耕地与草地、草地与盐碱地空间相邻度变大,草地开垦强度增大、土地盐碱化日益严重。空间变化上表现为耕地、林地、草地和未利用地之间相互转化,以草地、林地-旱地,草地-未利用地,未利用地-旱地、水田及旱地-水田最为显著。 相似文献
12.
榆林地区土地利用/覆被变化区域特征及其驱动机制分析 总被引：31，自引：18，他引：13
利用榆林地区1986、1995年土地利用现状图,在地理信息系统支持下建立土地利用变化转移矩阵,结合多年社会统计资料分析榆林地区10多年来的土地利用动态变化特征。研究结果表明：土地利用类型变化幅度大、流转方向较为集中,具体表现为农田总面积下降、耕地质量局部改善,林草覆盖面积增长、其它用地类型面积减少;从区域角度分析,南部黄土丘陵沟壑区耕地面积减少、成熟林地面积增加幅度大与西北部风沙区耕地面积轻微增加、天然草地优势地位增强形成鲜明对比,这种区域特征符合“因地制宜”规律,与“退耕还林还草”政策导向吻合。全区总人口及其区域分布、农民年均收入和农业人口比重为该区土地利用／覆被变化的主要驱动力,同时人们的环境保护意识和相应的土地政策也对该区土地利用／覆被变化产生较大影响。 相似文献
13.
基于遥感技术的银川市土地利用/覆被研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
为消除地形复杂地区不同地物的同谱异物现象,在遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持下,采用分区分类方法对宁夏银川市1991和1999年的Landsat TM/ETM 影像进行解译,得到了银川市两期土地利用/覆被变化数据。在此基础上,通过转移矩阵和土地利用/覆被变化幅度、动态度及状态指数模型,对银川市土地利用/覆被变化的状况和变化过程进行了研究。结果表明,在研究期内,银川市各土地利用/覆被变化类型都有不同程度的变化。林地、耕地和城市用地转入大于转出,朝着规模增加的方向发展,而草地和水体转出大于转入,朝着规模缩小的方向发展,未利用地虽然转入大于转出,但变化缓慢;土地利用/覆被年变化率最大的是草地,其次为耕地,未利用地的最小。 相似文献
14.
东北样带土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响 总被引：53，自引：0，他引：53
根据中国东北样带上不同的土地利用组合类型, 分别选取抚松县、磐石市、公主岭市、通辽市及林西县作为典型区, 运用GIS 和遥感技术分析近30 年来不同类型区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。本文选取基于货币量的价值量评价法, 参考Costanza 等人的研究 成果, 结合研究区的实际情况, 运用中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值的平均值来分析研 究区的生态系统服务价值变化情况。研究结果表明, 1976-2000 年间东北样带土地利用类型变化很大, 土地利用程度均呈加大趋势, 耕地、林地和草地的ESV 均有较大变动, 不同类型区单位面积的ESV 差别也很大, 其基本分布规律为林区> 农林交错区> 牧区> 农牧交错区> 农区。敏感性分析结果表明, 研究区内ESV 对生态服务功能价值指数是缺乏弹性的, 研究结 果是可信的。 相似文献
15.
基于山地垂直带谱的秦岭土地利用空间分异 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为揭示秦岭山地垂直带与土地利用之间的相互关系,文章基于2000年夏季卫星遥感影象和1∶25万DEM数据,采用目视解译的方式提取出秦岭南北坡的土地利用类型。将垂直带与土地利用进行叠加分析得出:秦岭山地林地占44.83%,草地占35.93%,耕地占18.42%。土地利用在垂直带上地空间分异显著,由基带往上耕地的比例呈指数关系减少,林地呈正抛物线变化,草地则与林地相反。在秦岭南北坡同一垂直带土地利用上也有明显的变化,特别体现在栓皮栎林带、锐齿栎林以及冷杉林带上。 相似文献
16.
2000-2010年中国退牧还草工程区土地利用/覆被变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在3S技术支持下,结合景观格局定量分析方法,基于30 m分辨率的土地利用/覆被数据,对中国退牧还草工程区2000-2010年土地利用/覆被时空分布特征进行研究。通过利用土地利用转移矩阵和动态度来判定土地利用变化的速度和区域差异,并在斑块类型和景观水平上分析研究区景观格局特征,探讨土地利用格局变化的生态效应。结果表明：①近10年来,研究区土地利用/覆被类型以草地和其他类用地为主,整体内部结构稳定少动。草地变化面积仅占2000年草地总面积的0.37%;林地、湿地、耕地和人工表面的面积均有所增加;其他类用地面积有所减少。②全区土地综合动态度均小于0.1%,土地利用/覆被变幅较小,除人工表面较活跃外,其他各类型变化相对缓慢,且各省土地利用区域差异较小。③研究区内景观基质未发生改变,区域景观破碎度递减,景观多样性水平上升,景观聚集度和连续性微弱下降,景观整体保持较完整态势。退牧还草工程的实施使土地利用/覆被结构和景观格局均得以优化。 相似文献
17.
黄土丘陵区典型小流域土地利用变化研究——以陕西延安地区大南沟流域为例 总被引：50，自引：12，他引：50
利用航片解译和景生态学方法研究了陕北黄土丘陵区大南沟流域在20世纪70年代和90年代的土地利用结构的特点和变化，结果表：从1975年到1999年，梯田，坡耕地，稀疏林地，灌丛面积减少，所占百分比呈下降趋势，而有林地，果园，荒地所占百分比呈上升趋势，梯田，有林地，灌丛和茺地平均斑块面积在增大，而坡耕地，稀疏林地，果园的平均斑块面积在减小，果园和坡耕地分维数在变大，斑块形状趋于复杂化，而有林地，稀疏林地，灌丛，梯田和荒地的斑块分维数在变小，斑块形状趋势规则小，有林地，灌丛，果园，荒地的分离度在下降，稀疏林地，梯田和坡耕地的分离度在上升，说明有林地，罐丛，果园和荒地的地位在上升，而稀疏林地，梯田和坡耕地的地位在下降，全区单位面积的斑块数目的磁大，在一定程度上表明农田中地块之间的边界增多，其结果是导致一些土地资源和浪费和不利于土地管理，景观多样性指数和土地利用相对合理指数在增大，但变化较小，1997年与1975年相比，整体上土利用结构稍有好转，但这种土地利用结构远未达理想状态。 相似文献
18.
新开河流域土地利用格局变化图谱分析 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
基于地学信息图谱分析方法,运用ARC/INFO软件,以马尔柯夫空间概率模型为基础,利用新开河流域33 年(1969-2001 年) 土地利用格局4 期的空间数据(1969 年、1979 年、1992年、2001 年),合成了一系列土地利用格局变化图谱,通过图谱分析来了解新开河流域的土地利用格局变化规律。结果表明：在过去33 年期间该流域土地利用格局发生了显著变化。耕地大幅度增加,其净增面积1357.2 km2,占流域总面积超过32%,其主要来源于草地、沙地、沼泽地、林地;沙地变化有所起伏,占流域总面积不低于23%,虽然总体呈减少趋势,但流域的草地沙化、耕地沙化还比较严重;草地大幅度减少,其净减面积1582.6 km2,占流域总面积由36.2%缩减为18.5%,其主要来源于开垦草地为耕地、草地退化成沙地、沼泽地、盐碱地以及草地改造种植林地;居民地、盐碱地呈增加趋势,湿地、林地呈减少趋势。 相似文献
19.
宁夏中部生态脆弱区土地利用变化及沙漠化响应——以宁夏盐池县为例 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
以宁夏中部生态脆弱区典型县为研究对象,利用1985、1995、2000年三期TM影像提取的土地利用数据,基于GIS空间统计分析功能,结合土地利用指数及分形模型、景观破碎度等景观分异测度指数,探讨近20年来该县土地利用时空分异特征及其沙漠化响应,结果表明:①土地利用变化整体上表现为中低覆盖度草场减少,林地为先破坏而后治理;②1985~2000年沙地扩展区域从北部风沙地貌区转移到中部波状高原区,尤其是扬黄灌渠附近需加强管理和防治;③草场沙化比例最大,中覆盖度草场沙化集中在北部农作活动密集区,其沙化斑块连通性强,低覆盖度草场沙化大部分紧临原沙地,受自然因素干扰更为明显;④中、低覆盖度草场斑块不稳定性程度较高,中覆盖度草场属该区域中对自然条件变化和人为干扰最为敏感的类型,需要加强管理和建立科学的生态恢复重建格局。 相似文献
20.
近30年玉门市土地利用与景观格局变化及其驱动力 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
干旱内陆河流域生态环境非常脆弱,是土地利用和景观格局变化的敏感区域,也是全球环境变化响应比较突出的区域。采用1976年、1989年、2000年和2010年的Landsat遥感影像,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析方法,系统地分析了疏勒河中游玉门市的土地利用和景观格局变化的时空特征,为研究区土地可持续利用政策的制定提供参考和依据。研究结果显示:近34a来,玉门市土地利用和景观格局发生了剧烈变化,土地利用变化经历了"缓慢变化—急剧变化—显著变化"的过程。研究区景观密度增大,多样性和均匀度先减小,后增加;不同斑块间的分离度减小。农业人口增长和经济发展是玉门市土地利用景观格局变化的最直接驱动力,同时还受气候因素和政策因素的影响。 相似文献