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1.
阿尔金山南缘地区,侵入于新太古界—新元古界变质地层中的长沙沟镁铁-超镁铁质岩由四个呈断层接触的镁铁-超镁铁质岩块组成,形成年龄为462~470Ma。不同岩块内岩石的地球化学特征虽有差异,但均以LREE及强不相容元素的富集和高的Zr/Y比值（＞4.1）为特征,形成于大陆裂谷环境。其中,清水泉北段可以划分出3~4个主体由辉橄岩-角闪辉长岩构成的岩浆旋回,具有层状岩体的特征,其母岩浆的Mg#=53.7~55.9,为演化型母岩浆,暗示其经历了富镁矿物的分离结晶,且(Th/Nb)N＞1.0、Nb/La比值＜1.0、以及发育的矿物逆序包裹现象等表明经历了明显的地壳混染和岩浆混合作用;而清水泉南和长沙沟中段镁铁-超镁铁质岩的(Th/Nb)N＜1.0、Nb/La比值＞1.0,基本未遭受地壳混染,并且此Mg#与FeOT、TiO2负相关、与SiO2正相关,呈现良好的Fenner演化趋势特征;清水泉南纯橄岩-辉橄岩具有极高的Mg#（90.6~84.5）,而赋存有钛-磁铁矿工业矿体的长沙沟中段镁铁-超镁铁岩的Mg#值较低（75.8~49.2）,推测它们是同一母岩浆（Mg# =78.2）经Fenner演化趋势后分别形成的早期富Mg矿物堆晶相和稍晚期的富Fe-Ti残余岩浆相。长沙沟中奥陶世裂谷型层状镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体的发现,意味着这一时期阿尔金山南缘地区处于伸展背景下,具有形成岩浆型PGE-Cu-Ni硫化物矿床和V-Ti-Fe氧化物矿床的地质背景和重要的成矿物质载体。作为该地区一种新的找矿思路,该地区同一构造带内其它镁铁-超镁超镁铁质岩体的性质及可能的金属矿化作用等也是值得进一步研究探索的。  相似文献   

2.
冯宏业 《地质与勘探》2014,50(2):346-359
新近发现的圪塔山口含铜镍矿化镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于新疆东天山黄山-镜儿泉铜镍矿带东端,共有4个镁铁-超镁铁质岩体,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号岩体均见铜镍硫化物矿化,研究表明其形成时代(282Ma)及岩浆来源与东天山地区其它铜镍矿化镁铁-超镁铁质岩体一致。本文对主要造岩矿物橄榄石及副矿物尖晶石进行了显微镜下观察及电子探针分析,结果表明橄榄石Fo值介于83.1~86.6之间,平均85.2,为贵橄榄石,其Ni含量变化于1273×10-6~2719×10-6,平均1918×10-6;尖晶石根据铝含量的不同可以分为高铝和低铝两种。圪塔山口岩浆为地幔源区发生15.8%~18.8%的部分熔融,并有过剩橄榄石加入的玄武质岩浆经结晶分异作用形成的派生岩浆。对橄榄石分离结晶和硫化物熔离的计算模拟表明橄榄石结晶前,岩浆已经达到S饱和,结晶过程始终伴随硫化物的熔离作用,虽然早期结晶的橄榄石与硫化物熔体间发生了Fe-Ni交换,但仍有很好的铜镍成矿潜力。  相似文献   

3.
四川会理力马河镍矿是峨眉山大火成岩省最重要的岩浆硫化物矿床之一,成矿岩体为一小型锾铁-超镁铁岩侵入体,由含斜长石的超镁铁岩(包括舍长辉石橄榄岩和斜长橄榄辉石岩)和辉长岩类的镬铁质岩组成.矿床富含硫化物,成矿元素组合为铜、镍,铂族元素含量很低,没有铂族元素的工业富集,是蛾眉山大火成岩省中富铜镍贫铂族元素的代表性岩浆硫化物矿床.本文对力马河镍矿成矿岩体的镁铁、超镁铁岩及矿床中各种硫化物矿石进行了主量元素、微量元素及铂族元素含量分析.分析结果表明,力马河岩体的镁铁、超镁铁岩属拉斑玄武岩成因系列,岩石特征微量元素比值大致与高钛的峨眉山玄武岩相当、与低钛的峨眉山玄武岩有明显区分,但估计原始岩浆强不相容微量元素绝对含量大大低于高钛玄武岩,因此,其成矿岩体不是与一般的低钛或高钛峨眉山玄武岩(不包括苦橄岩在内)直接对应的深成相.岩体超镁铁岩及矿石铂族元素组成特征表现为无钌亏损的型式,钯/铱比值较小、在5左右,也显著不同于一般的峨眉山玄武岩,而类似于峨眉山大火成岩省苦橄岩的铂族元素组成.运用岩石地球化学研究方法计算,原始岩浆为苦橄质成分:MgO含量约17%、SiO2含量约48%.估计原始岩浆形成于130公里左右的深度,由类似于洋岛玄武岩岩浆源区成分的地幔经19%左右的部分熔融形成.超镁铁岩及硫化物矿石铂族元素含量一般在10-9～10-8暑级,铂族元素相对铜镍强烈亏损,铜/钯比值高于原始地幔10～100倍,铜镍铂族元素组成的原始地幔标准化曲线呈铂族元素显著亏损的“U“型.模式分析说明,导致铂族元素亏损的原因是岩浆成矿演化过程中多阶段硫化物熔离作用造成的,早期熔离出来的硫化物被丢失并造成岩浆中铂族元素亏损,其铂族元素亏损后的岩浆(第)二次硫化物熔离富集形成铂族元素亏损的矿石.  相似文献   

4.
张照伟 《地质与勘探》2017,53(5):825-837
石头坑德镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于东昆仑造山带东段五龙沟地区,邻近昆中大断裂,主要岩性为辉石岩、橄辉岩、橄榄岩、辉长岩等,铜镍矿体主要赋存于Ⅰ号岩体的辉石岩、橄辉岩和橄榄岩中。岩石地球化学特征表明,其镁铁比值(m/f)变化范围在2.77~6.01之间,属铁质系列的镁铁-超镁铁岩,有利于成铜镍矿。稀土总量总体较低,轻稀土元素之间分馏强,重稀土元素之间分馏弱。岩石总体富集LILE(Rb、Ba、Th、U),贫HFSE(Nb、Ta、Zr、Y),具有明显的Rb、U正异常及Nb、Ta的负异常。超镁铁岩类橄榄石中的Ni普遍亏损,指示深部存在硫化物的熔离作用,在橄榄石结晶之前,大量的Ni进入到硫化物中,极有利于形成富矿岩浆或矿浆。可见,伴随同化混染作用的发生,岩浆中S达到过饱和,进而硫化物发生不混溶作用,富含硫化物的岩浆运移至东昆仑造山带邻近昆中断裂构造薄弱的部位成岩成矿。铜镍矿体多赋存在含橄榄石的超镁铁质岩体内,指示石头坑德岩体深部存在高度富集铜镍的部位,是下一步的找矿方向。  相似文献   

5.
天宇镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于新疆中天山地块与觉罗塔格构造带的分界断裂——沙泉子深大断裂的南侧约5km。岩体呈向北陡倾的岩墙状,地表出露面积约0.056km2。该杂岩体主要由辉长岩、辉石岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩相组成,橄辉岩、辉橄岩和橄榄岩是主要的Cu、Ni赋矿岩相。镁铁-超镁铁岩的主量元素含量显示,天宇岩体属拉斑玄武岩成因系列,m/f为1.44~3.61,平均值为2.25,为铁质超基性岩（m/f=2~6.5）。稀土元素标准化配分模式为轻稀土富集型,Eu弱负异常或无异常,相似的稀土元素配分模式说明岩体的同源性。富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta,说明源区可能有陆壳物质的混染。Nb/Hf、Ce/Pb、Nb/U、La/Sm、Th/Nb比值显示岩体可能经受上地壳物质的混染。锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究表明,岩体形成年龄为290.2±3.4Ma,与东天山地区镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体的形成时间一致。锆石的Lu/Hf比值比较均一,且(176Hf/177Hf) i变化很小,说明源区性质比较单一。锆石的(176Hf/177Hf) i值为0.282625~0.282770,相应的εHf(t)均为正值（1.10~6.06）,Lu-Hf的单阶段模式年龄（tDM1）为674~884.7Ma,平均年龄为799Ma,比岩体的U-Pb年龄大,显示岩浆来源于亏损地幔或者源区有壳源物质的加入。上述岩石地球化学、年代学特征,为晚古生代古亚洲洋向南俯冲提供了佐证。  相似文献   

6.
西藏南东部新识别出来的措美大火成岩省的地幔柱头部物质成分尚未得到很好的约束。为探讨此问题,在全岩地球化学数据基础上,本文首次报道了藏东南措美大火成岩省中机布淌、打隆、措美和哲古错OIB型镁铁质岩的锆石Hf同位素和微量元素数据。本文报道的OIB型镁铁质岩包括碱性(组Ⅰ)和亚碱性(组Ⅱ)系列的辉长岩和辉绿岩,以岩墙或岩床的形式产出。这些镁铁质岩具有高的TiO2(2.61%～4.07%)和P2O5(0.32%～0.51%)含量,富集轻稀土元素和高场强元素,地球化学特征类似于OIB。全岩微量元素地球化学指标显示组Ⅰ样品没有或很少受到地壳混染,组Ⅱ样品经历了较高程度的地壳混染。组Ⅰ中一件样品(JBT03-1)具有变化范围大的锆石εHf(t)值(-4.8～+5.3),可能暗示其受到了地壳和/或岩石圈地幔物质的混染。本文结果表明锆石Hf同位素比全岩地球化学数据能够更为有效地识别基性岩浆是否受到地壳和/或岩石圈地幔物质混染。措美大火成岩省中的OIB型镁铁质岩样品(组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ),具有不同于俯冲带镁铁质岩和洋壳镁铁质岩的锆石稀土元素配分型式和锆石Ti温度,这可能是岩浆源区温度和成分不同的结果。综合考虑全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素指标,本文提出未受到地壳或岩石圈地幔混染的打隆镇辉长岩体(以组I中的DL01样品为代表)很可能代表了措美大火成岩省纯的地幔柱头部物质成分[87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.7047,εNd(t=+1.5,εHf(t=+2.1～+5.7]。这些成分与代表白垩纪Kerguelen地幔柱头部物质的Site 1138和Bunbury Casuarina玄武岩非常相似,可能指示措美大火成岩省中的OIB型镁铁质岩本身就是Kerguelen地幔柱头部物质发生减压熔融的产物。  相似文献   

7.
王梦玺  王焰 《矿床地质》2012,31(2):179-194
扬子地块北缘~635 Ma周庵超镁铁质岩体是一个新发现的含铜镍硫化物矿化的隐伏岩体,主要由二辉橄榄岩组成。文章通过研究周庵岩体中橄榄石、铬铁矿和辉石的矿物成分变化探讨了岩浆演化过程和含矿岩体成因。根据岩石的矿物组合和蚀变程度,岩体从上到下分为3个部分:上部绿泥石-蛇纹石化二辉橄榄岩相带、中部二辉橄榄岩相带和下部绿泥石-角闪石化二辉橄榄岩相带。根据岩体中部带橄榄石和铬铁矿的成分,计算得到母岩浆的Mg#值为0.63,MgO/FeO摩尔比值为1.72,w(Al2O3)为10.2%~11.7%,w(Ni)为476×10-6,说明其为高镁玄武质岩浆;岩体中部带原生铬铁矿和粒间相铬铁矿核部的Cr2O3和Al2O3呈正相关关系,说明铬铁矿与粒间硅酸盐熔体发生了平衡交换,铬铁矿的高w(TiO2) 和Cr#值与拉张环境中层状岩体的铬铁矿特征一致;根据辉石温压计得到岩体中部单斜辉石和斜方辉石的共结温度为1 017~1 077℃,压力为(3.6~4.5)×108 Pa,暗示形成岩体的浅部岩浆房深度约为12 km。岩体上部和中部带的橄榄石Fo值大部分集中在80 mol%~85 mol%,w(Ni)介于2 255×10-6~4 455×10-6,说明这些橄榄石是从没有经过强烈分离结晶和硫化物熔离的岩浆中结晶出来的。岩体下部带橄榄石的Fo值(67 mol%~68 mol%)和w(Ni) (1 500×10-6~2 000×10-6)都低于岩体上部和中部带的橄榄石相应值,说明岩体下部带的橄榄石可能形成于演化程度较高、并经历了硫化物熔离的岩浆。因此,笔者认为周庵岩体是由相对原始的和演化了的高镁玄武质岩浆两期侵位形成的。  相似文献   

8.
马博骋  钱壮志  徐刚  段俊  顾笑龑  高文彬 《地质学报》2022,96(12):4275-4293
北山造山带是中亚造山带南缘镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的集中分布区之一,因其赋含二叠纪铜镍硫化物矿床而受到广泛关注。以往的研究多集中在北山造山带西部的新疆坡北地区,近年来随着对甘肃北山地区二叠纪镁铁-超镁铁岩体认识逐渐深入,新发现的矿化岩体有逐渐向东延伸的趋势。本文选择北山造山带中东部柳园地区骆驼山和西南山两个典型含铜镍硫化物岩体进行地质年代学、岩相学和岩石地球化学及同位素地球化学研究。岩体主要岩相包括橄榄岩相、辉石岩相、橄榄辉长岩相、橄长岩相和辉长岩相,其中硫化物主要出现在橄榄岩相和辉石岩相中。骆驼山岩体辉长岩锆石的U-Pb年龄为282.6 Ma,与坡北地区矿化岩体的形成时代一致。骆驼山和西南山岩体母岩浆稀土元素配分模式为轻微右倾型,富集大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损高场强元素Nb-Ta,中等亏损Zr-Hf,与坡北和东天山地区同时代矿化岩体母岩浆特征相似。岩体具有较高的全岩εNd(t)值(+0.42～+6.10)和锆石εHf(t)值(+7.9～+14.1)的特征,与坡北地区矿化岩体类似,表明具有相似的亏损地幔源区。橄榄石Fo值与Ni含量的关系和母岩浆微量元...  相似文献   

9.
刘亮  邱检生  李真  李友连 《岩石学报》2012,28(12):3993-4006
沐尘岩体呈北北东向出露于浙江龙游县沐尘至遂昌县双溪口一带,为早白垩世晚期(112Ma)岩浆活动的产物。岩体主体岩性为石英二长岩,岩体中普遍发育形态多样的暗色镁铁质微粒包体。包体岩性主要为黑云母二长闪长岩,包体多呈椭球形或卵形等塑性形态,大小不一,从几厘米到几十厘米不等。主量元素组成上,寄主石英二长岩具有中酸性、准铝质、富碱、富钾等特征;镁铁质包体则偏基性、贫钾。微量和稀土元素组成上,寄主岩富集Rb、K、Th、U,贫Sr、P、Nb、Ta、Ti,且Zr、Hf含量相对较高,具中-强的铕负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.12~0.60)。镁铁质包体具有相似的微量元素特征,但相对富集Sr、P,贫Zr、Hf,铕负异常中等或不明显(Eu/Eu*=0.43~0.93)。寄主岩及镁铁质包体具有相似的初始Sr、Nd同位素组成,ISr分别为0.7062~0.7065和0.7058~0.7070,εNd(t)值均偏高,分别为-3.19~-2.43和-2.60~0.58。在主量元素氧化物比值相关图解及微量元素与同位素协变图解上,镁铁质包体与寄主岩之间呈现出良好的协变关系,从地球化学角度为成岩过程中存在岩浆混合作用提供了可靠证据。温压计算表明沐尘岩体为温度偏高(797~851℃)的中深成岩体(6~7km)。综合岩石学、元素地球化学与Sr-Nd同位素组成特征,表明沐尘石英二长岩及镁铁质包体最可能是在引张构造背景下,由亏损的地幔组分及其诱发的地壳物质部分熔融形成的长英质岩浆经混合后,并经进一步的分异演化形成。  相似文献   

10.
兴地Ⅱ号镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于塔里木盆地东北缘的库鲁克塔格地区,形态为不规则的漏斗状岩盆,出露面积约10km2。岩石类型主要有方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、(含长)单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、方辉辉石岩、二辉辉石岩、单辉辉石岩、橄榄辉长苏长岩、辉长苏长岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长岩等,岩石类型属拉斑玄武岩系列。岩体的稀土元素含量低(∑REE=10.73×10-6~77.44×10-6),富集轻稀土元素(La/Yb)N=4.06~7.73和大离子亲石元素(Cs、Rb、Sr、Ba),亏损高场强元素尤其是Nb、Ta、Ti、P等,δEu为0.90~2.46多数岩石显示出正铕异常。岩相学及地球化学特征表明,岩浆运移过程中主要发生了橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石的分离结晶作用以及斜长石的聚集/堆晶。原生岩浆为富镁拉斑玄武岩,岩浆源区为富集型岩石圈地幔,岩浆上升侵位过程中局部遭受了陆壳的同化混染。兴地Ⅱ号岩体与金川岩体具有很多的相似之处,而且兴地Ⅱ号岩体已见有铜镍矿化。因此,兴地Ⅱ号岩体具有很好的找矿前景。  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

15.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

16.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
  相似文献   

17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

19.
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians  相似文献   

20.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.  相似文献   

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