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1.
The response of the mixed layer depth(MLD) and subduction rate in the subtropical Northeast Pacific to global warming is investigated based on 9 CMIP5 models. Compared with the present climate in the 9 models, the response of the MLD in the subtropical Northeast Pacific to the increased radiation forcing is spatially nonuniform, with the maximum shoaling about 50 m in the ensemble mean result. The inter-model differences of MLD change are non-negligible, which depend on the various dominated mechanisms. On the north of the MLD front, MLD shallows largely and is influenced by Ekman pumping, heat flux, and upper-ocean cold advection changes. On the south of the MLD front, MLD changes a little in the warmer climate, which is mainly due to the upper-ocean warm advection change. As a result, the MLD front intensity weakens obviously from 0.24 m/km to0.15 m/km(about 33.9%) in the ensemble mean, not only due to the maximum of MLD shoaling but also dependent on the MLD non-uniform spatial variability. The spatially non-uniform decrease of the subduction rate is primarily dominated by the lateral induction reduction(about 85% in ensemble mean) due to the significant weakening of the MLD front. This research indicates that the ocean advection change impacts the MLD spatially non-uniform change greatly, and then plays an important role in the response of the MLD front and the subduction process to global warming. 相似文献
2.
副热带东北太平洋混合层深度及其对潜沉的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The present climate simulations of the mixed layer depth(MLD) and the subduction rate in the subtropical Northeast Pacific are investigated based on nine of the CMIP5 models. Compared with the observation data,spatial patterns of the MLD and the subduction rate are well simulated in these models. The spatial pattern of the MLD is nonuniform, with a local maximum MLD(140 m) region centered at(28°N, 135°W) in late winter. The nonuniform MLD pattern causes a strong MLD front on the south of the MLD maximum region, controls the lateral induction rate pattern, and then decides the nonuniform distribution of the subduction rate. Due to the inter-regional difference of the MLD, we divide this area into two regions. The relatively uniform Ekman pumping has little effect on the nonuniform subduction spatial pattern, though it is nearly equal to the lateral induction in values. In the south region, the northward warm Ekman advection(–1.75×10~(–7) K/s) controls the ocean horizontal temperature advection(–0.85×10~(–7) K/s), and prevents the deepening of the MLD. In the ensemble mean, the contribution of the ocean advection to the MLD is about –29.0 m/month, offsetting the sea surface net heat flux contribution(33.9 m/month). While in the north region, the southward cold advection deepens the MLD(21.4 m/month) as similar as the heat flux(30.4 m/month). In conclusion, the nonuniform MLD pattern is dominated by the nonuniform ocean horizontal temperature advection. This new finding indicates that the upper ocean current play an important role in the variability of the winter MLD and the subduction rate. 相似文献
3.
本文利用第五次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）中的地球系统模式（ESM2M）,结合Argo观测数据和由Ishii等整理的再分析数据集,分析现在气候背景和辐射强迫极端增强下副热带东北太平洋海域（10°～40°N,110°～160°W）混合层深度（MLD）和潜沉率的季节变化特征,研究其对全球变暖的响应。在现在气候背景下,二者最大值均出现在冬季。潜沉率的主要贡献项存在显著的季节变化差异,1-5月主要受侧向潜沉率的变化控制,6-12月则由风应力旋度导致的埃克曼抽吸速度变化主控。全球变暖后,季节循环信号的主控要素不变。但受风应力旋度等要素变化的影响,各季节的MLD减小,大值区范围收缩。由于冬季减小幅度远大于夏季,MLD季节波动幅度（振幅）显著变小。长期看,MLD呈现持续变浅的趋势,其空间不均匀性减弱引起的MLD锋面减弱是控制侧向潜沉率减弱,最终导致总潜沉率减弱的关键。由于埃克曼抽吸速度的季节变化信号对全球变暖的响应较小,因此总潜沉率在冬季受全球变暖的影响最为强烈。上述结果表明,构成潜沉率的两个关键要素对总潜沉率的贡献比例是随着季节变化而改变的：冬季MLD锋面强盛时期,侧向潜沉率的影响将显著增强... 相似文献
4.
北太平洋副热带东部模态水现在和未来的模拟分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The present climate simulation and future projection of the Eastern Subtropical Mode Water(ESTMW) in the North Pacific are investigated based on the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model(GFDL-ESM2M). Spatial patterns of the mixed layer depth(MLD) in the eastern subtropical North Pacific and the ESTMW are well simulated using this model. Compared with historical simulation, the ESTMW is produced at lighter isopycnal surfaces and its total volume is decreased in the RCP8.5 runs, because the subduction rate of the ESTMW decreases by 0.82×10-6 m/s during February–March. In addition, it is found that the lateral induction decreasing is approximately four times more than the Ekman pumping, and thus it plays a dominant role in the decreased subduction rate associated with global warming. Moreover, the MLD during February–March is banded shoaling in response to global warming, extending northeastward from the east of the Hawaii Islands(20°N, 155°W) to the west coast of North America(30°N, 125°W), with a maximum shoaling of 50 m, and then leads to the lateral induction reduction. Meanwhile, the increased northeastward surface warm current to the east of Hawaii helps strengthen of the local upper ocean stratification and induces the banded shoaling MLD under warmer climate. This new finding indicates that the ocean surface currents play an important role in the response of the MLD and the ESTMW to global warming. 相似文献
5.
Response of the North Pacific subtropical countercurrent and its variability to global warming 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Response of the North Pacific subtropical countercurrent (STCC) and its variability to global warming is examined in a state-of-the-art
coupled model that is forced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Compared with the present climate, the upper ocean
is more stratified, and the mixed layer depth (MLD) shoals in warmer climate. The maximum change of winter MLD appears in
the Kuroshio–Oyashio extension (KOE) region, where the mean MLD is the deepest in the North Pacific. This weakens the MLD
front and reduces lateral induction. As a result of the reduced subduction rate and a decrease in sea surface density in KOE,
mode waters form on lighter isopycnals with reduced thickness. Advected southward, the weakened mode waters decelerate the
STCC. On decadal timescales, the dominant mode of sea surface height in the central subtropical gyre represents STCC variability.
This STCC mode decays as CO2 concentrations double in the twenty-first century, owing both to weakened mode waters in the mean state and to reduced variability
in mode waters. The reduced mode-water variability can be traced upstream to reduced variations in winter MLD front and subduction
in the KOE region where mode water forms. 相似文献
6.
过去对南大洋的研究受限于长期观测的缺乏,而现在地转海洋学实时观测阵(Arrayfor Real-timeGeostrophicOceanography,Argo)项目自开始以来持续提供了高质量的温度盐度观测,使系统地研究南大洋海洋上层结构成为可能。本研究使用2000—2018年的Argo浮标观测数据,分析了南大洋混合层深度(Mixed Layer Depth, MLD)的时空分布特征。结果表明:南大洋混合层存在明显的季节变化,冬春两季MLD在副南极锋面北侧达到最高值并呈带状分布,夏秋两季由于海表加热导致混合层变浅,季节变化幅度达到400m以上;在年际尺度上,MLD受南半球环状模(Southern HemisphereAnnularMode,SAM)调制,呈现纬向不对称空间分布特征,这与前人结果一致;本文指出在所研究时段,南大洋混合层在90°E以东,180°以西有加深趋势,而在60°W以西,180°以东有变浅趋势,显示出偶极子分布特征,并且这种趋势特征主要是风场的作用。 相似文献
7.
Mixed layer depth (MLD) variability in the Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) from a hindcast run of an Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) forced by daily winds and radiative fluxes from NCEP-NCAR reanalysis from 2004 to 2006 is investigated. Model MLD compares well with the ～20,000 observations from Argo floats and a TRITON buoy (1.5°S and 90°E) in the Indian Ocean. Tests with a one-dimensional upper ocean model were conducted to assess the impact on the MLD simulations that would result from the lack of the diurnal cycle in the forcing applied to the OGCM. The error was of the order of ～12 m. MLD at the TRITON buoy location shows a bimodal pattern with deep MLD during May–June and December–January. MLD pattern during fall 2006 was significantly different from the climatology and was rather shallow during December–January both in the model and observation. An examination of mixed layer heat and salt budget suggested salinity freshening caused by the advective and vertical diffusive mixing to be the cause of shallow MLD. 相似文献
8.
Temporal variability of winter mixed layer in the mid-to high-latitude North Pacific 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
Temperature and salinity data from 2001 through 2005 from Argo profiling floats have been analyzed to examine the time evolution
of the mixed layer depth (MLD) and density in the late fall to early spring in mid to high latitudes of the North Pacific.
To examine MLD variations on various time scales from several days to seasonal, relatively small criteria (0.03 kg m−3 in density and 0.2°C in temperature) are used to determine MLD. Our analysis emphasizes that maximum MLD in some regions
occurs much earlier than expected. We also observe systematic differences in timing between maximum mixed layer depth and
density. Specifically, in the formation regions of the Subtropical and Central Mode Waters and in the Bering Sea, where the
winter mixed layer is deep, MLD reaches its maximum in late winter (February and March), as expected. In the eastern subarctic
North Pacific, however, the shallow, strong, permanent halocline prevents the mixed layer from deepening after early January,
resulting in a range of timings of maximum MLD between January and April. In the southern subtropics from 20° to 30°N, where
the winter mixed layer is relatively shallow, MLD reaches a maximum even earlier in December–January. In each region, MLD
fluctuates on short time scales as it increases from late fall through early winter. Corresponding to this short-term variation,
maximum MLD almost always occurs 0 to 100 days earlier than maximum mixed layer density in all regions. 相似文献
9.
热带太平洋障碍层厚度的时空特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用中国Argo实时数据中心提供的9 a(2000—2008年)网格化Argo剖面浮标温、盐数据(G Argo),分析热带太平洋障碍层厚度的气候态分布和低频变化特征。气候平均结果表明,较厚的障碍层主要出现于西太平洋暖池区,并有3条纬向障碍层带状分布,从暖池出发向东延伸至120°W,分别位于以15°N,5°N和12°S为中心的纬度带上。经验正交函数(EOF)基本模态分析表明,热带太平洋障碍层低频振荡以季节和年际变化为主,在季节尺度上主要表现为15°N和12°S障碍层纬度带呈反相变化,都在当地冬季最大,夏季最小;在年际尺度上则主要表现为暖池东边界附近障碍层与厄尔尼诺南方涛动(ENSO)相关的变化,以及暖池中部障碍层与热带准2 a周期振荡(TBO)相关的变化。 相似文献
10.
Barrier and compensation layers in the East China Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Climatology of the isothermal layer depth （ILD） and the mixed layer depth （MLD） has been produced from in-situ temperaturesalinity observations in the East China Sea （ECS） since 1925. The methods applied on the global are used to compute the ILD and the MLD in the ECS with a temperature criterion AT=0. 8 ℃ for the ILD, and a density criterion with a threshold △σθ corresponding to fixed △T=0. 8 ℃ for the MLD, respectively. With the derived climatology ILD and MLD, the monthly variations of the barrier layer （BL） and the compensation layer （CL） in the ECS are analyzed. The BL mainly exists in the shallow water region of the ECS during April-June with thickness larger than 15 m. From December to next March, the area along the shelf break from northeast of Taiwan Island to the northeast ECS is characterized by the CL. Two kinds of main temperature - salinity structures of the CL in this area are given. 相似文献
11.
XIAO Xianjun WANG Dongxiao ZHOU Wen ZHANG Zuqiang QIN Yinghao HE N ZENG Lili 《海洋学报(英文版)》2013,32(9):30-37
The seasonal variation of mixing layer depth(MLD) in the ocean is determined by a wind stress and a buoyance flux.A South China Sea(SCS) ocean data assimilation system is used to analyze the seasonal cycle of its MLD.It is found that the variability of MLD in the SCS is shallow in summer and deep in winter,as is the case in general.Owing to local atmosphere forcing and ocean dynamics,the seasonal variability shows a regional characteristic in the SCS.In the northern SCS,the MLD is shallow in summer and deep in winter,affected coherently by the wind stress and the buoyance flux.The variation of MLD in the west is close to that in the central SCS,influenced by the advection of strong western boundary currents.The eastern SCS presents an annual cycle,which is deep in summer and shallow in winter,primarily impacted by a heat flux on the air-sea interface.So regional characteristic needs to be cared in the analysis about the MLD of SCS. 相似文献
12.
Mixed layer depth front and subduction of low potential vorticity water in an idealized ocean GCM 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
It is known that there is a front-like structure at the mixed layer depth (MLD) distribution in the subtropical gyre, which
is called the MLD front, and is associated with the formation region of mode water. In the present article, the generation
mechanism of the MLD front is studied using an idealized ocean general circulation model with no seasonal forcing. First,
it is shown that the MLD front occurs along a curve where u
g
·∇T
s
= 0 is satisfied (u
g
is the upper ocean geostrophic velocity vector, T
s
is the sea surface temperature and ∇ is the horizontal gradient operator). In other words, the front is the boundary between
the subduction region (u
g
·∇T
s
> 0) and the region where subduction does not occur (u
g
·∇T
s
< 0). Second, we have investigated subduction of low potential vorticity water at the MLD front, which has been pointed out
by past studies. Since u
g
·∇T
s
= 0 at the MLD front, the water particles do not cross the outcrop at the MLD front. The water that is subducted at the MLD
front has come from the deep mixed layer region where the sea surface temperature is higher than that at the MLD front. The
temperature of the water in the deep mixed layer region decreases as it is advected eastward, attains its minimum at the MLD
front where u
g
·∇T
s
= 0, and then subducts under the warmer surface layer. Since the deep mixed layer water subducts beneath a thin stratified
surface layer, maintaining its thickness, the mixed layer depth changes abruptly at the subduction location. 相似文献
13.
Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review 总被引：3，自引：10，他引：3
14.
A monthly mean climatology of the mixed layer depth (MLD) in the North Pacific has been produced by using Argo observations.
The optimum method and parameter for evaluating the MLD from the Argo data are statistically determined. The MLD and its properties
from each density profile were calculated with the method and parameter. The monthly mean climatology of the MLD is computed
on a 2° × 2° grid with more than 30 profiles for each grid. Two bands of deep mixed layer with more than 200 m depth are found
to the north and south of the Kuroshio Extension in the winter climatology, which cannot be reproduced in some previous climatologies.
Early shoaling of the winter mixed layer between 20–30°N, which has been pointed out by previous studies, is also well recognized.
A notable feature suggested by our climatology is that the deepest mixed layer tends to occur about one month before the mixed
layer density peaks in the middle latitudes, especially in the western region, while they tend to coincide with each other
in higher latitudes. 相似文献
15.
In this paper, effort is made to demonstrate the quality of high-resolution regional ocean circulation model in realistically simulating the circulation and variability properties of the northern Indian Ocean(10°S–25°N,45°–100°E) covering the Arabian Sea(AS) and Bay of Bengal(BoB). The model run using the open boundary conditions is carried out at 10 km horizontal resolution and highest vertical resolution of 2 m in the upper ocean.The surface and sub-surface structure of hydrographic variables(temperature and salinity) and currents is compared against the observations during 1998–2014(17 years). In particular, the seasonal variability of the sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and surface currents over the model domain is studied. The highresolution model's ability in correct estimation of the spatio-temporal mixed layer depth(MLD) variability of the AS and BoB is also shown. The lowest MLD values are observed during spring(March-April-May) and highest during winter(December-January-February) seasons. The maximum MLD in the AS(BoB) during December to February reaches 150 m (67 m). On the other hand, the minimum MLD in these regions during March-April-May becomes as low as 11–12 m. The influence of wind stress, net heat flux and freshwater flux on the seasonal variability of the MLD is discussed. The physical processes controlling the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature are investigated by carrying out mixed layer heat budget analysis. It is found that air-sea fluxes play a dominant role in the seasonal evolution of sea surface temperature of the northern Indian Ocean and the contribution of horizontal advection, vertical entrainment and diffusion processes is small. The upper ocean zonal and meridional volume transport across different sections in the AS and BoB is also computed. The seasonal variability of the transports is studied in the context of monsoonal currents. 相似文献
16.
亚南极模态水(sub-Antarctic mode water,SAMW)的潜沉过程与全球变暖减缓现象密切相关。为了增进对亚南极模态水长期变化特征的认识,使用一个高分辨率长时间序列的海洋模式数据对SAMW的潜沉率变化趋势的空间分布进行了系统地分析。结果显示,在1958~2016年间,SAMW的潜沉量在南太平洋和南印度洋在长时间段上存在着相反的趋势变化,即在南太平洋增大,在南印度洋减少,这与已有研究结果相符。但进一步的分析发现,SAMW潜沉量的空间分布存在着明显的差异。在南印度洋,其北部潜沉区的潜沉率仅有很微弱的上升趋势,而位于南部潜沉区的潜沉率则有明显的下降趋势。与此同时,在南太平洋中,其西部潜沉区的潜沉率趋势非常小,而东部潜沉区的水的潜沉有明显上升的长期趋势。总体而言,密度较大的SAMW潜沉水团比密度较小的潜沉水团表现出更显著的长期变化的趋势。南部变化趋势明显的潜沉水量大概占总潜沉水量的60%,由此可知SAMW的总体趋势更多地来自其南部密度更大的潜沉区的贡献。进一步的分析表明,SAMW潜沉区的混合层的长期变化趋势与潜沉率的长期变化趋势之间存在较为一致的空间分布。其中,在南太平洋,东侧潜沉区的混合层的长期增大趋势,主要由于风应力增大的作用,而西侧潜沉区的混合层的长期减小趋势,则主要因为海表浮力强迫的控制;在南印度洋,南侧潜沉区的潜沉率长期减小趋势更多的是受到浮力强迫的影响,而西北部的潜沉率长期增加趋势则主要由风应力增强导致的。 相似文献
17.
Temporal and Spatial Variability of Phytoplankton Pigment Concentrations in the Japan Sea Derived from CZCS Images 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Sang-Woo Kim Sei-ichi Saitoh Joji Ishizaka Yutaka Isoda Motoaki Kishino 《Journal of Oceanography》2000,56(5):527-538
Temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Japan Sea are described, using monthly mean composite images of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS). In order to describe the seasonal changes of pigment concentration from the results of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, we selected four areas in the south Japan Sea. The pigment concentrations in these areas show remarkable seasonal variations. Two annual blooms appear in spring and fall. The spring bloom starts in the Japan Sea in February and March, when critical depth (CRD) becomes equal to mixed layer depth (MLD). The spring bloom in the southern areas (April) occurs one month in advance of that in the northern areas (May). This indicates that the pigment concentrations in the southern areas may increase rapidly in comparison with the northern areas since the water temperature increases faster in spring in the southern than in the northern areas. The fall bloom appears first in the southwest region, then in the southeast and northeast regions, finally appearing in the northwest region. Fall bloom appears in November and December when MLD becomes equal to CRD. The fall bloom can be explained by deepening of MLD in the Japan Sea. The pigment concentrations in winter are higher than those in summer. The low pigment concentrations dominate in summer. 相似文献
18.
After validated by the in-situ observation, the slab model is used to study the wind-generated near-inertial energy flux(NIEF) in the South China Sea(SCS) based on satellite-observed wind data, and its dependence on calculation methods and threshold criteria of the mixed layer depth(MLD) is investigated. Results illustrate that the total amount of NIEF in the SCS could be doubled if different threshold criteria of MLD are adopted. The NIEF calculated by the iteration and spectral solutions can lead to a discrepancy of 2.5 GW(1 GW=1×109 W). Results also indicate that the NIEF exhibits spatial and temporal variations, which are significant in the boreal autumn,and in the southern part of the SCS. Typhoons are an important generator of NIEF in the SCS, which could account for approximately 30% of the annual mean NIEF. In addition, deepening of the MLD due to strong winds could lead to a decrease of NIEF by approximately by 10%. We re-estimate the annual mean NIEF in the SCS,which is(10±4) GW and much larger than those reported in previous studies. 相似文献
19.
副热带模态水(Subtropical Mode Water;STMW)在气候变化中起着重要作用。本文利用全球高分辨率数值模拟结果,研究了北太平洋STMW核心层盐度(Core Layer Salinity;CLS)的年代际变化及其物理机制。结果表明,CLS存在显著的年代际变化,其空间分布则与背景流场分布特征有关。侵蚀区CLS滞后生成区CLS约1~2年,这主要是海流平流输运引起的。生成区内,STMW的季节循环一般可分为生成期(12-4月)、隔离期(5-6月)和侵蚀期(7-11月),生成期混合层盐度(Mixed Layer Salinity;MLS)决定着隔离期和侵蚀期的CLS,而MLS年代际变化则主要由同太平洋年代际涛动存在负相关性的海表面淡水通量的变化引起。 相似文献
20.
盐度对变化2014年东北太平洋“暖泡”的作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A significant strong, warm "Blob"(a large circular water body with a positive ocean temperature anomaly)appeared in the Northeast Pacific(NEP) in the boreal winter of 2013–2014, which induced many extreme climate events in the US and Canada. In this study, analyses of the temperature and salinity anomaly variations from the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography(Argo) data provided insights into the formation of the warm"Blob" over the NEP. The early negative salinity anomaly dominantly contributed to the shallower mixed layer depth(MLD) in the NEP during the period of 2012–2013. Then, the shallower mixed layer trapped more heat in the upper water column and resulted in a warmer sea surface temperature(SST), which enhanced the warm"Blob". The salinity variability contributed to approximately 60% of the shallowing MLD related to the warm"Blob". The salinity anomaly in the warm "Blob" region resulted from a combination of both local and nonlocal effects. The freshened water at the surface played a local role in the MLD anomaly. Interestingly, the MLD anomaly was more dependent on the local subsurface salinity anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range in the NEP.The salinity anomaly in the 50–100 m depth range may be linked to the anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range by vertical advection or mixing. The salinity anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range resulted from the eastward transportation of a subducted water mass that was freshened west of the dateline, which played a nonlocal role.The results suggest that the early salinity anomaly in the NEP related to the warm "Blob" may be a precursor signal of interannual and interdecadal variabilities. 相似文献