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1.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):328-352
The idea of creating a balance between jobs and housing within different commuter catchment areas of a metropolis has been a prominent approach for reducing traffic congestion, air pollution, and journey-to-work times. Married-couple, dual-earner households, in which both spouses are employed, have been identified as an obstacle to the job-housing balance concept because of their constrained ability to choose a residential location near both workplaces. However, this has not yet been conclusively tested. Drawing on the 2000 5% PUMS dataset for metropolitan Atlanta, this article examines the commuting behavior of such households relative to single-earner households. The results challenge the dominant assumption that the average commutes of married-couple, dual-earner households are necessarily longer than those of single-earner households. In fact, after controlling for all forms of socioeconomic factors in the analysis, this study shows there are either no significant differences, or if there are, the average commutes of single-earner households are longer. It is a lack of affordable housing near job locations, or vice versa, and not the presence of dual-earner households, that should be blamed for lengthening commuting time and difficulties in implementing job-housing balances. 相似文献
2.
住房成本与通勤成本的空间互动关系 ——-来自北京市场的微观证据及其宏观含义 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
住房成本和通勤成本是城市空间结构中两个相互关联的内生变量。居民在进行居住区位 选择时, 会在这两者之间进行权衡, 从而形成住房价格、建筑密度和通勤行为在空间上的变化规 律。本文回顾了通勤成本和住房成本间的理论均衡关系, 探讨了各种现实情况是如何影响这个理 论关系的; 并利用大规模调研所采集的北京市微观个体数据, 提供了这一互动关系的一些定量证 据; 最后从两个角度探讨了这种互动关系在城市管理的公共政策方面的宏观含义: 考虑通勤成本 后的住房支付能力评价, 以及就业与居住过度分离的社会效果分析。 相似文献
3.
Modeling Commuting Patterns in Chicago in a GIS Environment: A Job Accessibility Perspective 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Fahui Wang 《The Professional geographer》2000,52(1):120-133
Using the newly released Census for Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) 1990, this research utilizes GIS tools to explain intraurban variations of commuting in Chicago at the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level. While commute times are directly available from the CTPP, commute distances are derived from the shortest time distances through real‐world road networks. GIS surface modeling is used to help identify the major employment center (CBD) and other subcenters. The explanations of commute times and distances are attempted by various measures of job accessibility: the jobs‐housing balance ratio defined in a floating catchment area, distances from the CBD and subcenters, and a gravity‐based index that takes the effects of all jobs into account. These measurements better explain how far people commute than how much time they spend on commuting. The best model explains over 50% of the variation of commuting among 7,835 TAZs. This is a significant improvement over existing literature, which at best explained less than 30 percent. 相似文献
4.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(1):120-133
Using the newly released Census for Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) 1990, this research utilizes GIS tools to explain intraurban variations of commuting in Chicago at the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level. While commute times are directly available from the CTPP, commute distances are derived from the shortest time distances through real-world road networks. GIS surface modeling is used to help identify the major employment center (CBD) and other subcenters. The explanations of commute times and distances are attempted by various measures of job accessibility: the jobs-housing balance ratio defined in a floating catchment area, distances from the CBD and subcenters, and a gravity-based index that takes the effects of all jobs into account. These measurements better explain how far people commute than how much time they spend on commuting. The best model explains over 50% of the variation of commuting among 7,835 TAZs. This is a significant improvement over existing literature, which at best explained less than 30 percent. 相似文献
5.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):253-271
This research proposes two indexes, job proximity and accessibility, to measure workers' location advantage by residences with respect to their job markets. Job proximity is designed to capture the spatial separation between residents and jobs. Job accessibility measures one's ability to overcome such separation as may be affected by transportation means, road network, congestion, and intensity of competition for jobs among workers. The research compares the two measures among workers of various wage levels in an attempt to reveal who has the greatest advantage in job access and whether job access is a spatial or nonspatial issue. In Cleveland in 1990, the mean wage rate of 30,000 was a critical turning point: below this level, the higher the mean wage rate in a residential area, the farther the area was away from jobs; above this level, the trend is reversed. In other words, below a wage threshold, workers tend to trade better and more spacious housing (usually farther away from jobs) for more commuting; but above the threshold, workers retreat for saving in commuting (pertaining to their high opportunity cost of commuting). Although low-wage workers enjoy better job proximity, many of them (particularly some inner-city residents) have the worst job accessibility because of their limited transport mobility as indicated by a low level of automobile ownership. Job proximity declines with distance from the CBD and conforms to the monocentric model, as does job accessibility but to a less degree. Since workers with various wages respond differently to job access, the distribution of mean wage rates in the metropolitan area is hardly monocentric. 相似文献
6.
广州市过剩通勤的相关特征及其形成机制 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
在不改变目前城市结构的前提下, 通过模拟居民的居住与就业区位的最优组合获取理论上的最小通勤, 过剩通勤是实际通勤成本与最小通勤成本之间的差值, 它反映了城市通勤效率和潜力。利用线性规划函数, 以广州市为例, 利用2001 年和2005 年家庭调查问卷数据, 计算两年的过剩通勤分别为58.41%和44.74%, 这部分通勤是可通过优化居住与就业的区位组合而理论上可节约的。过剩通勤与家庭社会经济特征有关, 尤其与家庭收入、户籍类型、 住房产权和类型等密切相关, 家庭结构分化和收入分化是产生过剩通勤的重要原因。除受模型假设产生的误差影响外, 过剩通勤的产生还受社会经济体制改革、城市规划与建设及个人 的居住与就业偏好等因素的影响; 住房、国企和土地等相关制度的改革导致城市居住与就业空间重组、城市规划较少关注小区域范围内居住与就业的平衡、个人的择居和择业偏好的变化, 这些因素相互影响、相互作用, 共同对过剩通勤的产生和扩大产生重要影响。 相似文献
7.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):330-359
The question of how home and workplace are linked through commuting is at the heart of much recent work on metropolitan areas. However, the emphasis tends to be either on spatial-economic models or on the impact of empirically measured individual, household, neighborhood, and transport mode characteristics; relatively little work has focused on job characteristics and place of employment as they relate to travel to work. In this article, I investigate whether people travel different distances to access different types of job location, with particular attention to the different distances traveled by men and women. My points of reference are the major employment centers (poles) in the Montreal region. After controlling for a wide range of explanations that may account for different travel distances, I conclude that differences in commuting length between different places of work are, by and large, independent of possible explanatory factors such as residential location, economic sector, occupation, income, and participation in household earnings—some places of work generate longer commutes than others. Men and women behave differently in relation to these places: women will travel farther to access jobs in centers whereas men will not; and despite their shorter average overall commutes, women travel farther than men to reach jobs in the CBD. This suggests, at the metropolitan scale, that each job location may have its own local culture or "milieu," and that men and women react differently to them. 相似文献
8.
Marie‐Hlne Vandersmissen Paul Villeneuve Marius Thriault 《The Professional geographer》2003,55(4):446-463
Urban work trips have changed in important ways during the last decades. In Québec City, a medium‐sized Canadian metropolitan area, commuting distances increased for both male and female workers between 1977 and 1996, while durations increased for male workers and decreased for female workers. This article seeks to identify spatial and social factors responsible for these changes. We develop a disaggregate model of trip duration estimated on the basis of large samples derived from travel surveys comparable through time. Using categorical variables to specify change, we are able to separate change effects from level effects attributable to various dimensions of urban form. Our analysis clearly indicates that, once travel mode and key social factors are controlled for, the shift from a monocentric to a dispersed city form is responsible, in the Québec metropolitan area, for increasing commuting time. This is contrary to findings in larger metropolitan areas, where, it has been argued, the suburbanization of jobs maintains stability in commuting duration. 相似文献
9.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):446-463
Abstract Urban work trips have changed in important ways during the last decades. In Québec City, a medium-sized Canadian metropolitan area, commuting distances increased for both male and female workers between 1977 and 1996, while durations increased for male workers and decreased for female workers. This article seeks to identify spatial and social factors responsible for these changes. We develop a disaggregate model of trip duration estimated on the basis of large samples derived from travel surveys comparable through time. Using categorical variables to specify change, we are able to separate change effects from level effects attributable to various dimensions of urban form. Our analysis clearly indicates that, once travel mode and key social factors are controlled for, the shift from a monocentric to a dispersed city form is responsible, in the Québec metropolitan area, for increasing commuting time. This is contrary to findings in larger metropolitan areas, where, it has been argued, the suburbanization of jobs maintains stability in commuting duration. 相似文献
10.
北京大型居住区居民通勤行为对比研究——以望京居住区和天通苑居住区为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
郊区化的过程中,居住-就业均衡性存在解体和重构的过程。以北京郊区两个大型居住区——望京居住区和天通苑居住区作为研究对象,通过问卷调查的方式获取了居民居住、就业以及通勤等方面的相关数据。研究表明:通勤时间较长是近郊大型居住区居民的共性,但由于大型居住区功能定位的差异以及所在区位和道路体系的差异,单一型居住区和混合型居住区也存在高峰通勤出行时间、通勤工具选择和通勤流向等通勤行为的差异。对这些主要影响因素加以合理规划,对解决郊区化过程造成的制住分离加剧问题具有重要作用。 相似文献
11.
依据多中心空间结构的理想通勤模式构建通勤距离分布的理论模型,将实测结果与理论模型做比较,检验通勤效率。研究以上海和杭州为对象,发现：① 多中心空间结构确实有助于缩短通勤距离,但随着与就业中心距离增加,就业中心对缩短通勤距离的正效应逐渐减弱;② 社会经济发展水平更高的上海,其多中心空间结构的通勤效率比杭州发挥得更好。研究讨论了城市规模、多中心的实施时间、住房市场等对通勤效率的影响：上海的多中心空间结构发展更加成熟、租赁房源比例更高,为维持城市正常运转必须有更高效的交通组织,且居民确实经历了更长时间、有更多住房选择来调整职住空间以缩短通勤距离;杭州的城市功能尚处在完善中,多中心空间结构的通勤效率还未完全发挥作用。 相似文献
12.
转型期广州市城市居民职住空间与通勤行为研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以广州市2001年、2005年和2010年大型家庭社会调查为基础,研究了广州市城市居民职住空间和通勤行为的演化,从微观层面分析城市居民职住空间分离和城市通勤行为的影响因素。结果表明：2000年以来广州市城市居民职住空间分离趋势较为明显,但通勤成本仍然是城市居民居住区位或工作地选择过程的重要考虑因素;通过使用职住空间平衡测量指标来测度城市职住空间平衡的空间差异,研究结果显示：内圈层存在最为严重的职住空间失衡,而随着近年来广州市产业和居住郊区化进程的突飞猛进,城市郊区的职住空间失衡状况有明显改善,职住空间平衡率大幅度提升。从通勤行为来看,广州市城市居民使用传统的通勤方式比重最高,家庭收入、文化程度、住房产权和性质状况、工作单位性质等城市居民通勤行为显著影响通勤方式。 相似文献
13.
人口密度对居民通勤时耗的影响及条件效应——来自上海证据 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
基于上海市1 605个居民抽样样本,利用多层次线性回归模型,探讨了街道尺度人口密度对个体居民通勤时耗的影响及条件效应。在控制了个体社会经济属性、通勤方式和其他建成环境要素后发现,高人口密度总体上会增加居民通勤时耗,而且其作用是有条件的,主要受“设计”“地铁站可达性”“到就业中心距离”和“通勤方式”的调节。具体而言,提高街道路网密度和高速路密度,缩短居住地到就业中心距离,提高地铁站密度,鼓励居民采用地铁方式通勤,减少小汽车使用,都可以显著降低人口密度对通勤时耗的增加作用。因而,通过优化城市建成环境和调节人口密度来降低过长的通勤时耗是可行的。 相似文献
14.
基于多智能体的就业与居住空间演化多情景模拟——快速工业化区域研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
就业与居住空间关系是城市规划与管理研究的热点问题。已有研究主要基于传统宏观模型对就业—居住空间结构进行现状分析或对城市理论进行实证研究,在微观尺度的机制探讨与过程模拟方面较为缺乏。本文基于多智能体自下而上的建模思想,提出基于就业市场的人口居住区位选择模型(Labor Market Based Model of Residential Location-LMBMRL)。以典型的快速工业化地区—东莞市主城区为实验区,通过多情景模拟对就业与居住空间的互动关系进行机制探讨与过程分析。模拟结果充分反映了就业选择对人口居住区位决策的影响,定量评估了住房与交通对职住空间均衡性与职住分离的影响规律。当住房成本提高时,城市职住均衡性降低;当交通可达性提高时,城市空间结构可能出现较为显著的职住分离现象。最后通过多情景模拟揭示不同行业劳动人口群体的就业—居住空间特征与组织模式。研究结果有助于深刻理解城市就业—居住空间互动关系及其内部因果,能够为城市规划与管理提供决策参考。 相似文献
15.
重庆市公共租赁住房社区居民的职住空间匹配 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
居住与就业间的空间组织是城市空间结构的重要组成要素之一,国外自20 世纪60 年代提出后引发了大量关于弱势群体居住和就业空间机会及其关系的实证研究。近年来在中国城市快速空间重构的背景下,中低收入群体的职住分离现象也引起广泛关注。运用职住空间错位理论,以重庆市主城区公共租赁住房社区为案例进行研究,对541 份有效问卷的统计分析表明:① 公共租赁住房居民搬迁前通勤距离与通勤时间的均值分别从6.5 km与32 min,增加到搬迁后的15 km与52 min;② Logit回归分析表明,群体类型对公共租赁住房居民通勤时间差异影响最为显著,年龄与居民通勤时间呈负相关关系,性别与年龄对通勤时间产生较显著影响。③ 公共租赁住房供应的政策性因素造成了被动迁移型空间不匹配现象,是其住户的区位选择与主要就业场所不匹配而引发的,因此需要深入研究公共租赁住房合理的空间布局方案和实施途径,尽可能将公共租赁住房区位规划在内城。 相似文献
16.
利用手机信令数据构建居委会尺度下的职住联系数据库,分析广州过剩通勤及其空间分异格局。研究发现,广州市过剩通勤为76.01%,与国内和西方国家城市相比处于较高水平,说明广州市职住空间组织效率偏低。过剩通勤的空间分异特征主要表现为：功能相对单一的郊区大型工业或房地产集聚区过剩通勤率偏高;传统市中心虽然就业机会集中,但因为高居住成本也出现较高的过剩通勤率;近郊区的特定功能区域,如大学城、偏农业发展型城郊村等区域出现较低的过剩通勤率;快速轨道交通（地铁）建设因降低了居民对通勤距离的敏感度而导致过剩通勤水平的提升,高过剩通勤率空间分布与地铁沿线和地铁站点分布存在一定的空间一致性。提升大城市的职住空间组织效率除需重点考虑提升区域职住空间平衡外,优化城市功能结构、降低住房成本区域差异等也需予以重点考虑。 相似文献
17.
Exploring urban commuting imbalance by jobs and gender 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changjoo Kim Sunhee Sang Yongwan Chun Wook Lee 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):532-545
Previous findings support that distance matters for job access. Typically, long distances act negatively on job access either due to the lack of information about the opportunities or the cost (time, transportation, etc.). Disparities in job access are explained with the workers’ demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and their spatial condition. Nevertheless, job access was not fully explored in multi-dimensional ways because of data and computational limitations. Recently, the wealth of commuting data, combined with the growing capacity of computation and methodological development, enables us to examine more commuting pattern details than what existing data provide at an aggregate level. This study uses a disaggregate journey-to-work model on 2000 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) commuting data to investigate access to job by gender and occupation, in a more localized context. To explore this varying degree of job access and associated explanation, we analyzed disaggregate commuting flows and ran a regression model on them. This study has three main objectives: (1) to disaggregate journey-to-work flows by gender and occupation to estimate the number of commute trips between census tracts, (2) to explore the variations in job access by gender and occupation, and (3) to draw relationships between job access and various worker’s situations. The results show the details of commuting patterns, suggesting that some occupations have more gender imbalance than others. Further, the findings indicate that the same demographic, socioeconomic and spatial conditions have different effects on workers, and the effect is related to the workers’ demographic-socioeconomic status in complex ways. Unlike conventional research in which a particular worker group is compared to a control group of opposite characteristics, our methodology makes it possible to examine an overview of all the job and gender groups, providing advantages in 2-way comparisons between gender and occupation groups beyond a conventional comparison between two groups. Therefore, our study adds an additional dimension to the conventional comparison. 相似文献
18.
Jason R. Janke 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):274-275
This study is motivated by insufficiencies in two areas in the literature. First, some technical barriers have hindered investigations of changing job–housing patterns over time. Second, traditional dichotomous studies (black–white) of ethnically divided commuting patterns are insufficient to paint the big picture of such dynamics in a multiethnicity metropolitan area. This research fills the gap by presenting an approach to the spatio-temporal analysis of commuting patterns by ethnicity. A case study is performed to track changing commuting patterns for whites, blacks, and Latinos in Atlanta over the last two decades. The results shed light on our understanding of the changing job–housing dynamics, particularly that of Latinos. 相似文献
19.
Spatial Dimensions of Urban Commuting: A Review of Major Issues and Their Implications for Future Geographic Research* 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Mark W. Horner 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(2):160-173
Modern urban transportation systems continuously challenge, and are challenged by, the changing nature of 21st‐century travel demand. Today, congestion is the norm in cities of the United States, and researchers and practitioners are seeking solutions to these problems. Urban commuting is identified as contributing to the suboptimal performance of transportation systems. This paper offers a review and critique of recent research on urban commuting, emphasizing geographical dimensions of this topic. Three broad areas of research related to urban commuting are discussed. These include (1) urban sustainability, (2) land use, and (3) geographic information systems (GIS). Major themes are examined in an effort to elicit thought on future geographic research. At the conclusion of the paper, summary remarks are provided and avenues for research are outlined. 相似文献
20.
职住分离的空间差异性及其影响因素研究 总被引：26，自引：2，他引：24
制度转型与空间重构背景下,中国大城市的居住与就业空间关系发生明显变化,职住分离 现象逐渐凸显。尽管城市地理学者逐步关注转型期城市居住与就业空间关系的变化对居民通 勤行为的影响,然而深入探讨微观个体所承受的职住分离程度的差异性及其影响因素的实证研 究仍然缺乏。基于对北京城市520 户家庭、806 个通勤样本的问卷调查数据,本文借助多元回归 模型验证了居住区类型、家庭及住房状况、以及其他社会经济属性等居民职住分离程度差异性 的影响,从而折射城市转型过程中宏观制度性及结构性因素(如土地市场化改革、住房政策、单 位制度改革、城市空间扩展等) 对个体日常生活经历差异性的影响。 相似文献