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The solubility of ammonium chloride in aqueous ammonia decreases then increases with increasing ammonia concentrations. The molecular mechanism behind this trend is unclear. In this study,ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques were used to determine the effect of ammonium chloride on hydrogen bonding in aqueous ammonia and ultimately explain the observed solubility trend. Spectral analyses were conducted in the wavelength range of 2500-4000 cm~(-1). The results showed that the addition of ammonium chloride endorses the formation of N-H…N hydrogen bonds between ammonium ions and ammonia molecules when the concentration of ammonia is greater than 10% ammonia. However,for concentrations lower than 10%,ammonium ions mainly bond to water molecules,leading to hydrogen bonds of the N-H…O type that are generally less stable than N-H…N bonds. The spectral analyses are confirmed by MD simulations. The results presented herein are useful in the development of novel techniques for the separation of ammonium potassium chloride. 相似文献
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通过拉曼光谱、同步辐射X射线散射和密度泛函理论(DFT)模拟,研究了质量分数为1.0 %-28.0 %的NH4Cl水溶液的微观结构变化。同时在室温下测量了粘度、接触角和电导率。由拉曼光谱和密度泛函理论模拟结果可知,当溶质浓度升高至10.0 %时,在2900 cm-1和3100 cm-1附近出现了明显的N-H作用峰,且随着质量分数的升高,NH4Cl水溶液中的氢键类型发生了转变。X射线散射结果表明,当NH4Cl水溶液质量分数升高至10.0 %时,差值对分布函数G(r)在2.98 ?附近出现明显双峰,表明在该浓度下溶液中NH4+-Cl-接触离子对开始成为主要微观作用形式。对NH4Cl水溶液的宏观物性研究表明,粘度、接触角和电导率均随着NH4Cl水溶液质量分数的增加而增大。作者推断,NH4Cl水溶液中氢键类型的转变、O-H...N键占比增多以及逐渐增加的NH4+-Cl-接触离子对,是粘度和接触角随溶质浓度增加而增加的微观本质因素;电导率的增加与溶液中有效导电离子数量增加有关。 相似文献
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根据NH4Cl、LiCl的化学特性,选用烘渣法分析大量NH4Cl存在的水盐体系中LiCl的含量。t≤450℃时,LiCl在烘渣过程中不会发生转变,烘渣得到的LiCl净重与加入时相等。通过调整烘渣温度、烘渣时间、冷却时间等操作条件,得到了最佳的烘渣条件。在此条件下,NH4Cl分解完全,保证了LiCl分析结果的相对误差不超过0.08%。进一步探讨了高NH4Cl与LiCl质量比及低LiCl含量时此方法的适用性。实验结果表明,分析结果相对误差不超过0.1%。 相似文献
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锂共存时对EDTA络合滴定Sr2+离子产生较强的干扰,使分析结果偏高。根据被测液中氯化锂的大约含量,通过加入适量混合醇,可消除Li+离子的干扰,质量滴定法相对误差<0.3%。在锂锶质量比为0.10014.5范围内,被测样中LiCl质量与加入混合醇体积呈线性关系。混合醇掩蔽体积范围为314.5范围内,被测样中LiCl质量与加入混合醇体积呈线性关系。混合醇掩蔽体积范围为35 mL。根据锂离子与水分子、短链醇形成蔟合物的键能,对消除Li+离子干扰络合滴定的机理进行探讨。 相似文献
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Boron resources are abundant in the Da Qaidam Salt Lake of the Qaidamu basin in China,which has generated significant attention due to the presence of polyborate species in brine from this lake. In this study,Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the existing form of boron in brine during evaporation. MgO·2 B_2 O_3-H_2 O,MgO·2 B_2 O_3-MgCl_2-H_2 O,and MgO·2 B_2 O_3-MgSO_4~-H_2 O solutions were also studied to determine the influence of boron concentration,pH,and electrolytes on the borate speciation from brine. The mononborates B( OH)_3 and B( OH)_4~-were found to be the only forms present in natural salt lake brine. Brine evaporation promoted the formation of the polyborate anions B_3 O_3( OH)_4~-,B_5 O_6( OH)_4~-,and B_6 O_7( OH)_6~(2-)and also promoted the disappearance of the B( OH)_4~-ion from brine at boron concentrations of more than 11 g/L B_2 O_3. The pentaborate ion B_5 O_6( OH)_4~-was sensitive to the solution pH and appeared only at p H values less than 8. 0. Meanwhile,the hexaborate ion B_6 O_7( OH)_6~(2-)was observed to be more dependent on the electrolyte magnesium chloride due to its special properties,such as promoting boron accumulation,lowering solution pH,and also its strong affinity for water molecules,which were all beneficial for the polymerization of borate ions in brine. Interaction mechanisms between polyborate anions during evaporation are also proposed herein. ake; evaporation; polyborate species; interaction mechanism. 相似文献
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The ecophysiology of under-ice fauna 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
ARNE V. AARSET 《Polar research》1991,10(1):309-324
During exposure to low salinity, the under-ice amphipods Gammarus wilkitzkii and Onisimus glacialis appeared as euryhaline osmoregulators, displaying regulation of haemolymph concentrations of sodium and chloride. Free amino acids took part in the regulation. During freezing and brine formation, the amphipods were freeze-sensitive and did not tolerate being frozen into solid ice. However, they could stay in the vicinity of the ice, conforming osmotically to the ambient brine and thus lowering the melting point of the amphipods' body fluids. This prevented internal ice formation in the absence of antifreeze agents (THF) in the haemolymph. When G. wilkitzkii, O. glacialis and Apherusa glacialis were exposed to dilute seawater, elevated rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were observed. The O:N atomic ratio was kept nearly constant during hyposmotic stress, indicating protein/lipids as metabolic substrate. Rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion increased with increasing osmotic differences between the haemolymph and the medium, indicating higher energy requirements for osmotic and ionic regulation at low salinities. A minor decrease in haemolymph sodium concentrations coincided with the increased ammonia output during hyposmotic stress, indicating a possible counter ion regulation of NH+ 4 and Na+ . An increased rate of oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and 0:N ratio versus temperature was observed for all species. 相似文献
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针对复杂硝酸铵水盐体系溶解度的测定,传统分析方法操作步骤繁琐,且试剂较贵,引入一种简单准确的分析方法,即热分解法,对LiNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系和NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中硝酸铵和水的含量进行精确分析。结果表明,热分解温度控制在230～240℃,若控制样品质量为1.5 g,分解时间不低于36 h,能将LiNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中的硝酸铵和水彻底分解,且随着样品中硝酸铵含量增加,热分解时间也将延长,分析相对误差能控制在0.2%以内。针对复杂NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系,热分解温度控制在230～255℃,若控制样品质量为1.5 g,分解时间不少于44 h,且随着样品中硝酸铵含量的增加,相应延长热分解时间,能将复杂NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中的硝酸铵和水彻底分解,分析相对误差能控制在0.2%以内。 相似文献
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Maarten van Hardenbroek Darren R. Gr?cke Peter E. Sauer Scott A. Elias 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,48(2):461-470
Museum collections contain a wealth of insect remains originating from a wide geographic range, which can be used to investigate their utility as a proxy for environmental isotope ratios. Chitinous remains of insects such as beetles (Coleoptera) are chemically stable and their stable isotope composition is strongly related to that of environmental water in the period of cuticle formation. We present a dataset of chitin ??D and ??18O in two genera of water beetles from a museum collection containing 40 locations for Helophorus (water scavenging beetles) and 48 locations for Hydroporus (predaceous diving beetles) that were selected from latitudes 27?C82°N in North America. Only two genera were used to minimize inter-sample variation caused by species-specific differences in metabolic effects, feeding strategy, habitat, and life cycle. The isotopic composition of water beetle exoskeletons had a strong latitudinal trend (North?CSouth) from ?160 to +65??? for ??D and from 7 to 34??? for ??18O, paralleling gradients of isotopes in precipitation. Strong relationships were observed between isotopic composition of beetles and modelled July precipitation (0.71?<?R 2?<?0.82, p?<?0.001). The relationship between ??D and ??18O in the beetle samples had a systematic offset from the global meteoric water line, which was likely caused by metabolic effects during chitin formation. The offset between ??D values in beetles and in modelled precipitation was 33??? larger, on average, for Hydroporus compared with Helophorus, suggesting fractionation of hydrogen isotopes during passage through the food chain. This trophic level effect was not observed for stable oxygen isotopes. Furthermore, the observed deviations between isotopic composition of water beetles and modelled precipitation at collection sites were not constant and indicated local hydrological deviations from modelled precipitation. The largest deviations were observed for sites in the Southern US and the Arctic that are highly evaporative and at sites in the Rocky Mountains and Coastal Mountains that were fed by snow melt. Our results indicated that the isotopic composition of water beetles from a museum collection was systematically related to ??D and ??18O values of precipitation at the collection site. 相似文献
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Boron resources are abundant in Da Qaidam salt lake of Qaidamu Basin. It has been given great attention for the polyborate species present in brine. In this study, the Raman spectroscopy was applied to investigate the existing-form of boron in brine during evaporation. The prepared solutions of MgO·2B2O3-H2O, MgO·2B2O3-MgCl2 -H2O, and MgO·2B2O3-MgSO4-H2O was also evaporated and recorded to study the influence of boron concentration, pH, and electrolytes on the borate speciation in brine. The mononborates of B(OH)3 and B(OH)4- were found to be the only forms present in the original salt lake brine. Brine evaporation promotes the formation of polyborate anions B3O3(OH)4-, B5O6(OH)4-, and B6O7(OH)62- and also disappearance of the B(OH)4- ion in brine with boron concentration of more than 11 g/L in B2O3. The pentaborate ion of B5O6(OH)4- was sensitive to the solution pH and found to be appeared under the pH value of 8.0. While the hexaborate ion of B6O7(OH)62- was observed more dependent on the electrolyte of magnesium chloride due to its special properties, such as promoting boron accumulation, lowering solution pH, and also the strong af?nity for water molecules, which is beneficial to the polymerization of borate ions in brine. The interaction mechanisms among polyborate anions during evaporation had also been proposed. 相似文献
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哈萨克斯坦是中亚干旱-半干旱地区最大的内陆国家,东部以阿尔泰山、天山与我国相隔,区内河流众多,是该国水资源的主要来源地,额尔齐斯河、伊犁河是中哈两国重要的跨境河流。通过对哈萨克斯坦东部不同区域河水和湖水的主要离子、氢、氧同位素分析,初步研究了该区域的水化学和同位素空间分布特征及其对地表水循环的指示意义。结果表明：哈萨克斯坦东部河水离子组成以HCO3-Ca为主,局部有HCO3-Na水型分布。湖水以SO4-Na为主,有少量HCO3-Ca和SO4-Ca型水。研究区内水体Ca2+、Na+、SO42-均表现出南北低中间高的空间特征。河水氢、氧同位素变化范围分别为-123.46‰～-71.22‰和-16.09‰～-10.21‰,湖水氢、氧同位素变化范围分别为-97.82‰～-9.20‰和-12.74‰～2.44‰。额尔齐斯河河水与周围补给水体的氢、氧同位素差异显著,表明其主要来源于上游补给。河水和湖水氢、氧同位素关系式分别为δD=7.546×δ18O+3.507和δD=5.737×δ18O-24.14,且河水氢、氧同位素与经、纬度显著相关,反映了明显的内陆效应,而湖水氢、氧同位素的变化则主要反映了水体的蒸发程度,水体氢、氧同位素变化敏感地示踪了该区域水体的来源与循环特征。 相似文献
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采用物种分布图和核磁共振实验研究了五硼酸钾溶液中含硼物种的类型、含量和溶液浓度间关系。研究表明五硼酸钾在稀溶液中几乎全部水解为B(OH)3和B(OH)4-;在较浓溶液中主要物种为B3O3(OH)4-和B(OH)3,而B5O6(OH)4-和[B4O5(OH)42-]的含量较小。核磁共振实验研究给出了B(OH)4-, B3O3(OH)4-和B5O6(OH)4-的生成常数K1, K3, K5,研究得出B5O6(OH)4-含量很少的原因是其解聚为其它类型硼酸根离子。外加离子促进五硼酸根离子的生成,而高温条件促进B5O6(OH)4-发生解聚反应。 相似文献
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实验研究了不同溶剂(盐酸、醋酸、饱和EDTA-2Na盐等)对沉积物样品中的碳酸盐组分硼元素提取和硼同位素组成的影响。结果表明,1 mol/L的醋酸是溶解沉积物样品中碳酸盐组分的最佳溶剂,能将沉积物中的碳酸盐完全溶解,并有效避免样品中石膏、硅酸盐等矿物的溶出,对其中铁的氧化物等影响也比较小;同时,在过硼特效树脂前将溶液调至弱碱性所用的亚沸氨水的量较少,从而引入的本底较少。采用盐酸和饱和EDTA-2Na溶液溶解沉积物,容易将沉积物中除碳酸盐以外的矿物中的硼溶出,如石膏、硅酸盐矿物等,不利于碳酸盐组分中硼的提取。 相似文献
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运用水文地球化学常用分析方法,对柴达木盆地西北部库拉木勒克萨伊河—阿拉尔河流域进行了系统研究,分析了河水中主要离子特征、控制机制及其来源。结果表明:该流域为低矿化度、天然弱碱性淡水;河水类型主要为重碳酸盐型水,部分为氯化物型水;河水中主要离子的化学特征受控于岩石风化作用,流域蒸发作用逐渐显露,阿拉尔河蒸发作用较明显。河水中主要离子来自于岩盐、钾盐、硬石膏、白云石和方解石的风化溶解,并且受到少量溶解于河水中硅酸盐矿物的影响。 相似文献
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采用分子动力学模拟,研究了西藏拉果错盐湖卤水中阴、阳离子以及水分子间的相互作用行为。以盐湖卤水等温蒸发过程中粒子浓度变化的四个阶段为研究对象,分别计算了不同体系的扩散系数、配位数、均方位移和径向分布函数。计算结果表明,液相浓度越低时,H2O分子对各离子之间的相互作用有抑制作用,液相中离子浓度越高时,SO42-易与CO32-竞争Li+形成离子对,从而影响盐湖卤水中Li+的富集。本文研究结果对盐湖卤水中Li+的迁移行为作出了机理解释,为盐湖卤水提锂的发展奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
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本文介绍南极拉斯曼丘陵湖泊水化学特征。对１３个湖泊的调查和统计分析表明，湖水以Ｎａ＋和Ｃｌ－为主要优势离子，不含有ＣＯ３２－离子，营养物质（Ｎ、Ｐ、ＳｉＯ２）在湖水中普遍偏低，而且湖水和雪样无机氮组分均以ＮＨ４＋为主，水化学类型比较单一，都属氯化物Ｎａ＋型贫营养水体。Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－、ＳＯ４２－的高浓度，特别是Ｂｉｇ湖、莫愁湖和Ｈｅａｒｔ湖水中离子含量明显的高，指示拉斯曼丘陵地区的降水来源以海洋气团为主，并受海洋环境影响强烈。微量元素分布在０．０１～２．０μｇ／ｌ之间，接近于水圈这些元素的浓度值。 相似文献