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1.
短周期密集台阵的高频背景噪声互相关函数(NCF)是探查地球浅层精细结构的重要数据.然而高频背景噪声成分复杂且容易分布不均,分析其对NCF信号提取的影响,有助于获取可靠成像结果.本文基于布设于川滇地区盐源盆地的209个短周期台站组成的盐源台阵,利用密集台阵的噪声水平评估以及基于NCF的相干噪声分析两种方法,分析了其记录到的噪声波场特征及其对NCF的影响.结果表明,盐源台阵的整体噪声水平呈现北低南高的不均匀分布,高频噪声水平的强弱受控于当地的人类活动,亦受到浅部松散沉积层的影响.台阵垂直分量NCF中主要信号为基阶Rayleigh波,且产生该信号的相干噪声源的优势方位在不同频带具有较大区别:0.3～0.5Hz的噪声源强度较强且随时间变化较为稳定,主要能量来自台阵的南侧;0.5～1Hz的相干噪声源强度较低,有两个优势方向,其中较强的一个来自于台阵南侧,可能与0.3～0.5 Hz的噪声同源,较弱的一个来自于台阵北偏东方向;1～1.5Hz的背景噪声有四个较弱的优势方向,在台阵的不同区域有不同的优势方向,可能受到不同的局部噪声源的控制.垂向NCF中Rayleigh波的信噪比主要受控于波场的复杂程度,台阵南部受人文活动及沉积层影响,噪声水平较高,且由于盆山边缘复杂的反射、散射作用,其NCF波形复杂,信噪比偏低.受高频噪声源分布不均与及复杂地质结构的共同影响,盐源台阵的高频NCF中的信号复杂,后续对面波频散特征的提取应充分考虑噪声源对NCF的影响以获取可靠结果. 相似文献
2.
鲁来玉 《地球与行星物理论评》2021,(2)
自Aki(1957)提出微震的空间自相关(SPatial AutoCorelation,SPAC)技术以来,SPAC技术一直独立发展,并在工程地震领域获得了广泛应用.近20年来,地震干涉(Seisimic Interferometry,SI)在多个领域引起人们的关注,该技术的核心思想是连续地震背景噪声的互相关函数(Noise Crosscorrelation Function,NCF)可以重建系统的格林函数(Green's Function,GF),对该技术的回溯性研究建立了SPAC和NCF的关系:它们是对同一物理现象的不同描述,SPAC在频率域中描述随机平稳噪声的空间相干,NCF在时间域中描述扩散场的互相关.理论上SAPC和NCF技术要求背景噪声源均匀分布,这样的噪声场可以用平面波叠加来模拟.本文基于平面波模型重访地震背景噪声的互相关和空间自相关技术,从单色平面波的互相关表示出发,对地震背景噪声互相关及空间自相关技术进行评述,试图使这些概念更易于理解.与之前众多研究地震干涉技术的理论相比,本文尤其关注以下几点:(1)基于简单的平面波模型,给出不同维度下,源或台站对方位均匀分布时,平面波互相关对入射波的方位平均和台阵对的方位平均结果,并对格林函数GF和时域互相关函数NCF的关系进行总结.(2)给出声源和(或)交叉台站方位分布不均匀时的互相关表示,指出这种非均匀性对方位的依赖关系,与弱各向异性介质中面波速度的方位依赖关系类似,因此,非均匀源的影响在反演时可能会映射到面波方位各向异性结果中.(3)互相关运算中,哪一个台站是虚拟源.NCF包含因果性和非因果性两部分,NCF的非对称性通常用于研究噪声源的方位分布,但由于源和接收的互易关系,及对互相关运算的不同定义和不同的傅里叶变换习惯,哪一个台站是虚拟源在目前的文献中并不明确.(4)方位平均和时间平均的关系.在SPAC处理中,需要对不同方位分布的台站对进行方位平均,本文从理论上说明,单个平面波入射时,交叉台站互相关系数对台站对的方位平均,等价于单个台站对互相关系数对入射波的时间平均.(5)几种特定分布非均匀噪声源的SPAC表示.包括单独的因果性噪声源和非因果性噪声源给出的互相关函数表示,及由此带来的相移问题.(6)利用SPAC、NCF和面波GF之间的关系,给出交叉分量的空间自相关系数表示.(7)衰减介质的空间相干表示.虽然利用地震干涉技术研究介质衰减在理论上仍然存在一些争议,但人们正试图研究从连续背景噪声记录中提取介质衰减的可能性.本文基于平面波模型,给出了不同坐标选择下,衰减介质的空间相干表示,这种表达的不同,指示了由地震干涉技术提取介质衰减的困难.与众多研究地震干涉的理论相比,比如稳相近似理论、互易定理、时间反转声学等,本文主要考虑均匀介质,不涉及非均匀介质的散射,从最简单的平面波模型,理解背景噪声重建系统格林函数这一地震干涉的核心思想和相应的基本概念. 相似文献
3.
传统基于地震背景噪声互相关的层析成像技术,主要利用了互相关函数的相位信息,即利用走时来反演地球介质的速度和各向异性特征.最近,开始有研究人员利用互相关函数的振幅信息提取介质的衰减.主要是将二维弹性情形下,互相关函数正比于第一类零阶贝塞尔函数J_0(k_0r)这一结论,通过引入指数衰减系数,直接推广到衰减介质情形,令衰减介质中背景噪声互相关函数类比于J_0(k_0r)·e~(-α(ω)r),以此来反演介质的衰减系数α.然而,在衰减介质中,互相关受源的方位平均的影响,这种简单的推广,可能无法提取可靠的衰减系数.本文基于平面波的叠加模型,研究不同的互相关定义和坐标选择下,衰减介质中两点间互相关函数的理论表达式.结果表明,在平面波叠加模型下,互相关函数的表达形式随着坐标原点的选择,并因而随着源分布的变化而变化,对不同的归一化因子,表达式也不尽相同.利用J_0(k_0r)·e~(-α(ω)r)的形式拟合背景噪声的观测数据得到的衰减比实际值偏小. 相似文献
4.
P. Gouédard L. Stehly F. Brenguier M. Campillo Y. Colin de Verdière E. Larose L. Margerin P. Roux F. J. Sánchez-Sesma N. M. Shapiro R. L. Weaver 《Geophysical Prospecting》2008,56(3):375-393
Random field cross‐correlation is a new promising technique for seismic exploration, as it bypasses shortcomings of usual active methods. Seismic noise can be considered as a reproducible, stationary in time, natural source. In the present paper we show why and how cross‐correlation of noise records can be used for geophysical imaging. We discuss the theoretical conditions required to observe the emergence of the Green's functions between two receivers from the cross‐correlation of noise records. We present examples of seismic imaging using reconstructed surface waves from regional to local scales. We also show an application using body waves extracted from records of a small‐scale network. We then introduce a new way to achieve surface wave seismic experiments using cross‐correlation of unsynchronized sources. At a laboratory scale, we demonstrate that body wave extraction may also be used to image buried scatterers. These works show the feasibility of passive imaging from noise cross‐correlation at different scales. 相似文献
5.
Effect of uneven noise source and/or station distribution on estimating the azimuth anisotropy of surface waves 
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下载免费PDF全文 With the development of the dense array, the surface wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy under the array can be directly obtained by beamforming the noise cross-correlation functions (NCFs). However, the retrieval of the Green's function by cross-correlating the seismic noise requires that the noise source has a uniform distribution. For the case with uneven noise source, the azimuthal dependence on the sources in the expression for the spatial coherence function, which corresponds to the NCF in the time domain, has the same form as the azimuthal dependence of the surface wave velocity in weakly anisotropic media. Therefore, the uneven noise source will affect the surface wave anisotropy extraction. In this study, three passive seismic methods, i.e., beamforming, SPAC (spatial autocorrelation), and NCF, are compared to demonstrate that an uneven source distribution and uneven station distribution have equivalent effects on the outcome from each method. A beamforming method is proposed to directly extract the velocity and azimuthal anisotropy of surface waves. The effect of uneven noise source and/or station distribution on estimating the azimuth anisotropy of surface waves was investigated using data from the ChinArray Phase II. A method for correcting the apparent anisotropy in beamforming results caused by an uneven station distribution is suggested. 相似文献
6.
The method of extracting Green's function between stations from cross correlation has proven to be effective theoretically and experimentally.It has been widely applied to surface wave tomography of the crust and upmost mantle.However,there are still controversies about why this method works.Snieder employed stationary phase approximation in evaluating contribution to cross correlation function from scatterers in the whole space,and concluded that it is the constructive interference of waves emitted by the scatterers near the receiver line that leads to the emergence of Green's function.His derivation demonstrates that cross correlation function is just the convolution of noise power spectrum and the Green's function.However,his derivation ignores influence from the two stationary points at infinities,therefore it may fail when attenuation is absent.In order to obtain accurate noise-correlation function due to scatters over the whole space,we compute the total contribution with numerical integration in polar coordinates.Our numerical computation of cross correlation function indicates that the incomplete stationary phase approximation introduces remarkable errors to the cross correlation function,in both amplitude and phase,when the frequency is low with reasonable quality factor Q.Our results argue that the distance between stations has to be beyond several wavelengths in order to reduce the influence of this inaccuracy on the applications of ambient noise method,and only the station pairs whose distances are above several (5) wavelengths can be used. 相似文献
7.
Estimated Green's function (EGF) between stations has been extracted from ambient seismic noise, direct surface wave and coda waves. It is also confirmed by laboratory experiments on ultrasonics and theoretical derivations assuming diffusive wave field, equi-partition of modes or random sources on an enclosed surface. This method provides a new approach to study the crust and mantle structure at regional scale, continental scale and global scale. Following the achievements with seismometer records, the records of infrasonic station, hydrophone and microphone were also used to obtain the EGFs of different wave fields. Since superconducting gravimeter is a better long period instrument than regular seismometer, EGF at longer period is expected to be obtained with the cross correlation of gravity data. In this paper, we will show the EGFs extracted by cross-correlations between the superconducting gravimeters and the seismometers. Both the travel times and dispersion curves obtained from different data types are consistent. The result shows that it is possible to retrieve the deep structure by the cross correlation of gravity data. 相似文献
8.
Introduction Scattering of incident waves by local topographies is one of the most attractive topics in the field of engineering seismology. They can be resolved by either a numerical method or an analyti-cal method. The numerical methods include finite difference method, finite element method, boundary element method, etc. The analytical method is the wave function expansion method. Al-though numerical methods can be used for arbitrary-shaped topographies, the analytical solutions are still … 相似文献
9.
采用波函数展开法,并借助辅助函数思想,给出了平面SV波入射下半圆凸起地形地表运动的一个解析解,并对解答的收敛性和截断计算精度进行了检验;最后通过若干算例分析了入射频率和入射角度以及凸起地形宽度对地表运动的影响. 数值结果表明,凸起地形对入射SV波具有显著的放大作用, 该放大作用可达自由场的4倍以上. 当入射频率较低时, 位移峰值多位于半空间地表; 而当入射频率较高时,位移峰值多位于凸起地形表面. 相似文献
10.
11.
随着城市化的发展,城市地球物理日益成为地球物理研究的重要方向,地震成像是构建城市地下空间三维/四维图像的重要手段,但面临观测成本高的困难.近年来国际上新发展的分布式光纤声波传感器作为高密度地震观测系统已经在地震层析成像方面得到了应用,在提高成像分辨率的同时,又降低了观测成本.本研究使用国产分布式光纤声波传感器开展了观测实验,利用480m埋地光缆记录了13h背景噪声,计算得到噪声互相关函数,获得了高频Rayleigh面波信号.采用多道面波分析方法提取相速度频散曲线,其结果与传统检波器记录和主动源结果较为一致.采用遗传算法反演得到了研究区内二维S波速度剖面,获得了下方沉积物横向变化特征.通过本次实验,初步验证了国产设备开展地震背景噪声成像研究、构建地下浅层结构模型的可行性. 相似文献
12.
利用中国中东部地震台网中430个宽频带台站2008和2009两年的垂直分量记录,我们计算了台站对之间的噪声互相关函数(Noise Cross-correlation Function,NCF).在相当多的NCF中,沿大圆路径传播的瑞利面波信号之前存在一个较强的前驱信号,该信号持续时间约50 s,频率范围为0.07~0.12 Hz.此信号在同一台站对的NCF中稳定存在、到时相同,而在不同台站对的NCF中到时不一致,这表明该信号可能源于一个固定的较小区域内持续存在的噪声源.基于格点搜索方法的定位结果显示该噪声源位于日本九州岛附近,其激发出的信号传播速度约2.7 km/s.假定该信号由一点产生,我们计算了合成地震图,合成地震图与观测到的前驱信号基本一致,验证了定位结果的可靠性.此噪声源会对特定路径上的面波信号产生干扰,在相关研究中需要采取一定措施避免.该噪声源的物理机制有待于进一步的研究. 相似文献
13.
Two-month continuous waveforms of 108 broadband seismic stations in Fujian Province and its adjacent areas are used to compute noise cross-correlation function (NCF). The signal quality of NCF is improved via the application of time-frequency phase weighted stacking. The Rayleigh and Love waves group velocities between 1s-20s are measured on the symmetrical component of the NCF with the multiple filter method. More than 5,000 Rayleigh wave dispersion curves and about 4,000 Love wave dispersion curves are obtained and used to invert for group velocity maps. This data set provides about 50km resolution that is demonstrated with checkerboard tests. Considering the off great circle effect in inhomogeneous medium, the ray path is traced based on the travel time field computed with a finite difference method. The inverted group velocity maps show good correlation with the geological features in the upper and middle crust. The Fuzhou basin and Zhangzhou basin showed low velocity on the short period group velocity maps. On the long period group velocity maps, the low velocity anomaly in the high heat flow region near Zhangzhou and clear velocity contrast across the Zhenghe-Dapu faults, which suggests that the Zhenghe-Dapu fault might be a deep fault. 相似文献
14.
《地震研究进展（英文）》2021,1(4):100035
Detecting subsurface fault structure is important for evaluating potential earthquake risks associated with active faults. In this study, we propose a new method to detect faults using reflected surface waves observed in ambient noise cross correlation functions. Ambient noise tomography using direct surface waves obtained from ambient noise interferometry has been widely used to characterize active fault zones. In cases where a strong velocity contrast exists across the fault interface, fault-reflected surface waves are expected. We test this idea using a linear array deployed in the Suqian segment of Tanlu fault zone in Eastern China. The fault-reflected surface waves can be clearly seen in the cross-correlation functions of the ambient noise data, and the spatial position of the fault on the surface is close to the stations where the reflected signals first appear. Potentially reflected surface waves could also be used to infer the dip angle, fault zone thickness and the degree of velocity contrast across the fault by comparing synthetic and observed waveforms. 相似文献
15.
Phase and Correlation in `Random' Seismic Fields and the Reconstruction of the Green Function 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Michel Campillo 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(2-3):475-502
We first present a summary of recent results on coda interpretation. We emphasize the observation of the stabilization of
P to S energy ratio indicating the modal equipartition of the wavefield. This property clearly shows that the coda waves are
in the regime of multiple scattering. Numerical solutions of the elastic radiative transfer equation are used to illustrate
the evolution of the wave-field towards P-to-S energy stabilization, and asymptotically to complete isotropy. The energy properties
of the coda have been widely studied but the phase properties have often been neglected. The recently observed coherent backscattering
enhancement, an expression of the so-called `weak localization', demonstrates that interference effects still persist for
multiple diffracted waves. Another manifestation of the persistence of the phase is the possibility to reconstruct the Green
function between two stations by averaging the cross correlation of coda waves produced by distant earthquakes and recorded
at those two stations. This reconstruction is directly related to the properties of reciprocity and time reversal of any wavefield.
Using broadband seismic coda waves, we show that the dominant phases of the Green function in the band 2 s–10 s, namely fundamental
mode Rayleigh and Love waves, are reconstructed. We analyze the time symmetry of the cross correlation and show how the level
of symmetry evolves with the isotropization of the diffuse field with lapse time. Similarly we investigate the correlation
in continuous ambient noise records. Whereas the randomness of the coda results from multiple scattering by randomly distributed
scatterers, we assume that the seismic noise is random mostly because of the distribution of sources at the surface of the
Earth. Surface waves can be extracted from long time series. The dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves are deduced from the
correlations. On paths where measurements from earthquake data are also available, we show that they are in good agreement
with those deduced from noise correlation. The measurement of velocities from correlation of noise along paths crossing different
crustal structures opens the way for a `passive imaging' of the Earth's structure. 相似文献
16.
This paper uses the 8 broad-band stations＇ microseism data recorded by the Seismic Monitoring Network of Fujian Province to calculate the vertical correlation coefficient between two stations at intervals of 5 minutes. According to the time intervals technique we obtain the different coefficients and then add the correlative coefficients. Depending on this, we extract the group velocity of Rayleigh waves from the cross correlation of the ambient seismic noise between two seismic stations and figure out the group velocity＇ spatial distribution. The results show that the signal noise ratio （SNR） increases proportionally to the superposition times, but the results from different days are similar to one another. Synchronously, the arrival-time is also stable and there is no obvious change when coming across typhoons. It is found the velocity of the surface wave is 2.9 - 3.1 km/s in Fujian Province, which is close to the observationally attained value. 相似文献
17.
由背景噪声互相关重建格林函数的技术已在地震学中得到了广泛应用,对背景噪声能量的空间分布、强度的季节变化的研究有利于认识噪声互相关函数对格林函数的收敛性。文中利用宁夏及其周边地区33个宽频带台站2008年1月至2012年11月垂直分量的连续记录,计算了两两台站间的互相关函数,并对该地区5~10s及10~20s的背景噪声能量的优势方位及强度随季节的变化进行了分析。结果表明,5~10s的能量主要来自于中国东部的海岸线,其强度具有明显的季节性变化;10~20s的噪声能量不仅强度具有季节性的变化,其优势方向也随季节具有明显变化,受到多个大洋的交替影响。研究表明,宁夏及其邻区的背景噪声场具有较为复杂的特征,在进行后续研究时要予以充分考虑。 相似文献
18.
An analytical solution for scattering of plane P waves by a semi-cylindrical hill was derived by using the wave function expansion method, and convergence of the solution and accuracy of truncation were verified. The effect of incident frequency and incident angle on the surface motion of the hill was discussed, and it was shown that a hill greatly amplifies incident plane P waves, and maximum horizontal displacement amplitudes appear mostly at the inclined incidence of waves, which are located at the half-space; and maximum vertical displacement amplitudes emerge mostly at the vertical incidence of waves, which are situated at the hill. 相似文献
19.
Surface wave tomography method based on analysis of ambient noise is widely used during the last decade. It is assumed that correlated component of noise is composed of surface waves generated by sources distributed over the Earth’s surface more or less uniformly. In such a case the cross-correlation function (CCF) at two stations may be considered as the Green’s function of surface wave. This function should be symmetric relatively to zero time. However analysis of CCF at the stations located at the East-European Platform shows that as a rule CCF is characterized with a strong asymmetry. Since “purered noise cannot be extracted from seismic records due to superposition of earthquake signals, the method for calculation of CCF includes amplitude normalization for suppression of earthquakes that reduces signals from earthquakes to a noise level. The parts of records containing waves from earthquakes are neglected because of their short duration. Present study shows that this contribution turns out to be dominant at periods larger than 20–40 s. In other words, what is assumed as a “noisered in reality is a superposition of signals from earthquakes. This fact results in distortion of the Green’s function and of surface wave dispersion curve used in surface wave tomography if in the time interval used for calculation of CCF many earthquakes occur within a small area apart of an extension of the interstation path (clustering). Numerical modeling shows how clusters of sources affect CCF and dispersion curve correspondingly. Means for reducing this effect are outlined. 相似文献
20.
本文利用在龙门山断裂带周边布设的57个台站自2008年11月至2009年11月为期一年的垂直分量连续地震环境噪声数据,通过短周期地震环境噪声成像方法,获得了龙门山断裂带中北段地壳25km深度范围的S波精细速度结构.结果表明:(1)龙门山断裂带周边区域10km以上的速度结构与地表断裂的分布形态具有良好的一致性,速度结构控制了龙门山主要断层的深部延展特征;在15km及以下深度,S波速度结构呈现沿龙门山和沿岷山隆起走向的交叉构造格局,由此造成的速度结构差异可能影响了汶川地震的破裂过程;(2)速度结构随深度的分布特征为龙门山断裂带主要断层的深部延伸形态给出了良好的约束,结果进一步确认了龙门山断裂中段的高角度铲型断裂构造特征;(3)研究区的南端发现了龙门山断裂下方20km以下深度具有与松潘地块中地壳低速层相关的低速结构的迹象,这可能是汶川地震破裂带南段22km左右深度存在脆韧转换带的一个证据.研究结果显示出密集台阵和短周期环境噪声成像方法在地壳浅部精细结构和断层探测研究中具有巨大潜力. 相似文献