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1.
Ecological conflicts in Poland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Transformation of the political system, observed in Poland for 10 years in connection with economic restructuring and basic
socio-economic reforms to harmonise with European Union structures, is also evident in terms of environmental management.
Pollution has been reduced in many ways but the rise in living standards, linked with the rapid growth of cars and other forms
of consumption, has had a negative effect and environmental conditions have deteriorated in the central areas of large cities.
The growth of waste water and refuse is a considerable problem. More areas are now officially protected and the three levels
of local government established at the beginning of January 1999 (voivodeship, district and community) all have certain defined
environmental protection responsibilities which are cumulatively greater than before. Meanwhile there is a greater awareness
in society of environmental issues, although it does not yet lead to a high level of participation in protection work. However,
there are strongly-expressed opinions on the ecological acceptability of certain economic developments and conflicts are frequently
arising within communities and local governments and also between investors on the one side and ecological organisations and
environmental protection institutions on the other. Most controversial are new roads, power stations (like the Zarnowiec nuclear
project) and reservoirs like the one on the Dunajec river at Czorsztyn. Local communities frequently resist plans for waste
dumps, incinerating plants and other developments which are seen as injurious to health or the quality of life. The planned
reprivatisation of the state-owned forests is also criticised by foresters and ecological movements. Conflicts are likely
to grow as economic development accelerates but better information and greater public understanding of the need for sustainability
should make for consensus.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
J. Švajlenka M. Kozlovská M. Spišáková 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(8):1591-1602
The construction industry is a major consumer of material and energy resources. Global developments in construction give sustainability a crucial role in overall healthy functioning of society as well as the whole environment. Modern methods of construction represent a response to the sustainability trend, since they bring faster construction and better environmental, energy and economic parameters. The aim of this article is to analyse and evaluate the benefits of modern methods of construction in the form of prefabricated panel wood construction (PWC). With the aid of a case study, certain environmental and economic parameters of PWC on the one hand and traditional masonry construction from ceramic bricks on the other hand will be studied and compared. The environmental evaluation of building material composition was conducted by means of the ‘Cradle to Gate’ model within the LCA method. The parameters in question will be studied in terms of embodied energy, global warming potential and acidification potential. The economic parameters to be analysed include construction time, construction costs and particularly the environmental burden caused by transport of materials to the building site. The submitted experimental study and its results should help break barriers sustained by traditional technologies and point towards healthier and more environmentally friendly alternatives in construction processes. 相似文献
3.
In Europe the process of agricultural engagement or disengagement is attributed to the economic factor and mainly on the level
of alternative employment source development. It is the relational quality of economic, social and environmental factors that
determine sustainability of agricultural holdings and, hence, households. In regions of poor agricultural structures and of
many employment opportunities as well as in regions suffering from agricultural depression, households exhibit stronger tendencies
towards agricultural disengagement. Remarkably in southern Europe a stable agricultural engagement and not disengagement is
observed, even though in recent years there are limited possibilities of alternative income sources and prevailing agricultural
depression. This article highlights the factors which lead households to stable engagement with agriculture in a region of
southern Europe, the island of Lesvos. The island is characterised by traditional olive grove mono-culture, poor agricultural
structures and limited employment opportunities. The investigation of the economic, social and environmental farm household
characteristics concluded that in regions where poor agricultural infrastructure and lack of employment prevail, all three
factors of sustainability contribute to stability and/or low agricultural disengagement. Among these, the economic factor
is the most sensitive and hence highly influential. The social factor is highlighted as a quality and consistent factor due
to the respect for tradition. The environmental factor, finally, is characterised by mild cultivation practices, contributing
to environment conservation. 相似文献
4.
Substitution and scalar politics: negotiating environmental compensation in Cardiff Bay 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Richard Cowell 《Geoforum》2003,34(3):343-358
One of the most contested dimensions of sustainable development is the issue of substitutability--the extent to which environmental qualities can be substituted, either for human-made assets, or for some equivalent environmental function. The main argument of this paper is that dominant economic discourses of sustainability neglect long-standing geographical concerns with scale, embeddedness and abstraction that are inevitably embroiled in the practical negotiation of substitutability. In particular, it seeks to demonstrate how relations of ecological and political scale frame the ‘decision space’ within which debates about substitution take place. These arguments are developed by analysing conflicts over the development of an amenity barrage across the Taff-Ely estuary in Cardiff, South Wales, and the provision of new wetlands to compensate for the resulting loss of wildlife habitat. This case shows that the scale at which environmental ‘assets’ are constructed--whether local, national or global--can reveal or obscure distributive effects incurred in maintaining environmental capital through compensatory measures. It also demonstrates how the re-scaling of governance arrangements (in this case to the European Commission) can empower the delivery of environmental management measures but simultaneously re-structures the objects of sustainability, rendering habitats and wildlife populations as disembedded symbols. 相似文献
5.
《Geoforum》2017
Underwater logging is a relatively new concept in forestry that has significant economic benefits but also consequences for the environment and local communities. Underwater logging has traditionally been undertaken by divers. However, safety concerns mean that conventional harvesting methods using divers need to be replaced by more sophisticated mechanized harvesting techniques. This paper outlines the environmental and social aspects of underwater logging, highlighting issues that must be considered before any underwater harvesting operations are executed. While the economic reasons for harvesting underwater logs seem compelling, as do the associated social benefits, such as employment generation, there are significant environmental impacts of removing trees from reservoirs, as submerged trees serve as important ecological habitat for aquatic life. Due to the absence of any regulatory regimes encompassing underwater logging, we propose best-practice guidelines for underwater logging operations and suggest the need for a comprehensive sustainability framework based on internationally recognized criteria and indicators to ensure underwater logging operations are environmentally safe, socially beneficial and economically viable. 相似文献
6.
Groundwater is an important part of the global hydrological cycle. Sustainable utilization of groundwater is related to regional ecological security and food security, especially in arid and semi-arid environments. This paper reviewed the important achievements of the research on groundwater sustainability in arid and semi-arid environments during the past 30 years, and summarized the research progress in groundwater sustainability of arid and semi-arid environments from the conception evolution of groundwater sustainability, evaluation methods, influencing factors, sustainable management, and research frontiers. Our analysis suggests that groundwater in water limited environments around the world has shown unsustainable characteristics both in terms of quantity and quality. However, the existing research focuses more on the quantitative characteristics than the quality characteristics of groundwater, and thus the seriousness of the decline in groundwater sustainability is potentially underestimated. It is pointed out that more research efforts need to be done in the future in balancing the groundwater resources for human and nature, clarifying the impacts of human disturbance and climate change on groundwater sustainability, and strengthening groundwater sustainability through transboundary watershed management. We argued that the difficulty remains how to quantify the sustainable yield of a groundwater basin, and how to assess the groundwater sustainability. Further investigations are required in improving the theoretical framework of groundwater sustainability, modeling the impacts of the various alternative groundwater development scenarios, developing more flexible and efficient indicator frameworks for sustainability evaluation of groundwater system, and deploying more sophisticated groundwater monitoring network for real-time data acquisition. Finally, awareness should also be raised towards ground water sustainability both at the legal level and in the sphere of political action. 相似文献
7.
The urban fringe, which can be seen as a special form of regional ecosystem with a spatial transition from urban to rural
areas, has strong heterogeneity and is a typical ecologically sensitive area. The expansion of cities and the landscape effect
of the changes have attracted wide attention. The primary aim of this study is to obtain an understanding of the spatial patterns
of landscape conversion and the corresponding environmental sustainability. With the help of GIS and Fragstats software, the
changes of landscape patterns before and after town planning were compared in An-Ding town of Beijing, of which the sustainability
was also revealed based on the ecological footprint using social and economic statistic data. The results showed that the
landscape pattern changed greatly during its conversion from several villages to a small town and the landscape fragmentation
increased due to road construction. Meanwhile, human disturbance increased with the constructed land extension. For the gap
between the ecological footprint and the biological capacity, An-Ding town ran an ecological deficit at that period, which
means it was unsustainable. However, the environmental sustainability decreased after planning due to the degraded green land
and forest. The results suggested that ecological management should be strengthened during the town planning period. 相似文献
8.
Wang Liang Cai Yongli Chen Hongquan Dag Daler Zhao Jingmin Yang Juan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(5):1119-1124
Taihu Lake is at the densely populated region of the eastern coast of China. Taihu Basin is one of the most developed regions
of China. The frequency of flood disaster in Taihu Basin has been increasing in the recent years, resulting in more drowned
areas and economic loss. It is shown that flood disaster is the most serious problems in Taihu Lake and Taihu Basin. Mitigation
of flood problems and return to sustainability has now been given high attention and are prioritized in the Chinese national
policies. This paper describes the state of the flood disaster in the Taihu Basin, examines the root causes for flood disaster,
demonstrates by examples how these analyses known as transboundary diagnostic analysis can be used to develop policy options
that can help predict and reduce the flood disaster based on past and current measures and policy. 相似文献
9.
Matthew Biniyam Kursah 《GeoJournal》2018,83(4):707-724
Increase in waste generation calls for an effective waste management as this has become a necessity for environmental sustainability. Several methods are adopted in managing waste, which include waste reduction, reuse, thermal treatment, recycling and landfilling. The landfill method is recognised as the most used of all the waste management methods in developing countries such as Ghana. However, the selection of a suitable landfill site is very difficult and tedious. This is because it involves a consideration of many factors such as environmental, topographic, economic, socio-cultural and civil engineering. This research sought to identify a suitable landfill site by applying GIS multicriteria and weighted overlay approach in the Bongo District of Northern Ghana. The analysis relied on criteria and weights provided by the technocrats and the indigenes in the district as a way of demonstrating how landfill siting impasse can be resolved by incorporating the various stakeholders. The results obtained provided clear areas for landfill sites in the study area from the technocratic and the indigenous perspectives. However, the technocratic perspective failed to include an important cultural criterion, sacred groves, as a factor. The indigenous perspective also compromised on the factor related to nearness to residential areas, and is equally not sufficient on its own. The optimal landfill sites, which meets the expectations of both the technocrats and indigenes, was identified. This perspective has produced technically favourable and socio-culturally acceptable landfill site. However, it is recommended an environmental impact assessment (EIA) be conducted to identify the full environmental and social cost of the site. It is concluded that in landfill site selection much attention be given to cultural factors in the same way as the technical factors. 相似文献
10.
11.
This paper addresses the contradictions inherent in the interconnections between air transport liberalization and the economic and environmental dimensions to sustainability from the particular perspective of the dynamic expansion of European low-cost carriers and their networks. The argument considers the incompatibility of environmental sustainability with a business model that promotes rapid growth in air travel without meeting its external costs, but, simultaneously, claims to be socially and geographically inclusive. Moreover, that growth is perceived to be advantageous to strategies promoting national and regional economic growth and, consequently, the provision of low-cost airline services is being promoted by an array of national and local government agencies throughout the European Union. The paper concludes that the low-cost model does not account for its externalities despite air transport being the most environmentally damaging form of transport per passenger-kilometer but is clearly important to economic development at a variety of scales. 相似文献
12.
With over 40% of the water supply of Western and Eastern Europe coming from urban aquifers, efficient and cost-effective management tools for this resource are essential to maintain the quality of life. However, the increasing concerns about the environmental impacts of water projects and their increasing economic costs mean that traditional planning concepts, which assume unlimited supplies of potable water, must be questioned. This includes the source of the water supply and its appropriate use. Urban transport systems and the provision of water have been identified as the most critical factors that determine the future of cities in this century. The objective of an interdisciplinary research project presented in this paper is to identify and develop systems and technologies and integrative processes and analytical tools, which are commercially valuable, scientifically robust and which improve the cost effectiveness of urban water services, in line with the programs vision of ecological sustainability. As part of this program, a software tool has been developed to estimate the water flows and contaminant loads within the urban water system. This paper presents first modelling results of water and contaminant flows through the existing urban water, wastewater and stormwater systems, from source to discharge point. 相似文献
13.
Analysis of the Geomorphology and Environmental Geological Problems of Huzhou on the Yangtze River Delta 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
JIANG Yuehu WANG Jingdong YUAN Xueyin WANG Runhua China University of Geosciences Wuhan Hubei Nanjing Institute of Geology Mineral Resources Nanjing Jiangsu 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(3):808-812
Geomorphically, Huzhou, which is on the Yangtze River delta is characterized mainly by plains, with small hills. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the environmental geological hazards both natural and those incurred by human activities in different morphologic units. The authors point out that most of the regional environmental geological problems in the natural geologic-morphologic conditions, such as crustal stability, foundation of soft soil, soil waterlogging and soil erosion, have insignificant effects to the society, or related countermeasures of prevention and control have been adopted. But environmental geological problems incurred by human being's economic activities become more and more severe, for example, water and soil pollution and land subsidence in plain areas resulting from overexploitation of groundwater, and landslides, karst collapses and water and soil loss etc. caused by quarrying in hilly areas. 相似文献
14.
He Jun Yang Xiao-Hua Li Jian-Qiang Jin Ju-Liang Wei Yi-Ming Chen Xiao-Juan 《Natural Hazards》2014,75(2):199-217
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis.
相似文献15.
Spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts based on the daily comprehensive drought index in the Haihe River basin,China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Jun He Xiao-Hua Yang Jian-Qiang Li Ju-Liang Jin Yi-Ming Wei Xiao-Juan Chen 《Natural Hazards》2015,75(2):199-217
Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis. 相似文献
16.
Adrian Cashman 《Geoforum》2006,37(4):488-504
In 1997 there was a change in government in the UK with the Labour Party coming into power for the first time since 1979. Among the commitments made was the intention to put sustainability at the heart of government and decision-making. There was also a commitment to introduce reforms of the utility sector. In part this was a response to public concern over the conduct and behaviour of the privatised utilities, made more pertinent in the case of the water sector by the impact of several seasons of below average rainfall and high levels of leakage. In light of this the need for change took on a particular urgency. This paper examines some of the developments in water regulation under the 1997-2001 Labour administration. Through two sets of events; the 1997 Water Summit and the 1997-1999 Price Review the paper examines the discursive processes through which sustainability has been incorporated into water regulation. It discusses the changes in the practices of regulation and whether these could be characterised as the adoption of sustainability by the water sector or a strategy of adaptation to accommodate sustainability within an existing economic paradigm. 相似文献
17.
Y. Hao Y. Zhang Q. Farooq 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2018,15(12):2581-2594
As a possible determinant of environmental sustainability, innovation management has grasped the attention of researchers. In the present research, we investigated the effect of political capital ties on firm’s contribution to environmental sustainability. We also examined how observed government support, an indicator of the inherent dependencies among political capital ties, moderates the effects of changes on innovation performance which plays a mediating role in the relationship of political capital ties and firm’s contribution in environmental sustainability. We got empirical data of 4807 listed firms of China (2010–2015) and diffused political capital ties to form a two-dimensional matrix on analysis of 36 interviews. Our study suggests that political capital dampens inputs for innovation resulting in a proliferation of innovation performance. This paper also guides that how moderation of enabling the effect of political capital ties is explained and measured through important dimensions of project initiation, high-tech accreditation and government subsidies in the context of government support.The present study also sheds light on new ways in which upper echelons theory, transaction cost and resource dependence theory can be integrated for more advanced research on political capital ties to evolve an optimal corporate strategy for environmental sustainability. 相似文献
18.
This paper studies the long-run economic effects of severe weather on regional economies. A catastrophic event, such as a
hurricane, will have an effect on both the directly impacted region and adjacent regions. With dramatically increasing damage
from catastrophic weather events over the past few decades, comprehensive assessment of the long-run economic impact of natural
disasters across the broader region becomes more important than ever for planning for post-disaster recovery. We estimate
the long-run effect of Hurricane Katrina on the unemployment rate of Houston, TX by employing time-series and fixed-effect
models. Using Dallas as a control, we find that Katrina is associated with a higher long-run unemployment rate in Houston
than would otherwise have been expected. This implies that the hurricane-generated adverse relative effects on Houston. Our
findings suggest that areas that are geographically proximate to the directly impacted region can sustain lasting negative
economic consequences. 相似文献
19.
随着中国经济的高速发展,了解西昆仑地区环境地质演变有着重要意义,尤其对边境地区的国防建设具有重要的战略意义。为此,利用国产高分一号(GF-1)卫星数据在西昆仑甜水海西典型地区进行1:5万比例尺的环境地质遥感调查,并利用3期不同时相的遥感数据作参照,定性与定量相结合,综合分析了该地区环境地质近20 a的演变。该区以冻融荒漠化和水蚀荒漠化为主,1993—2013年间,区内荒漠化面积不断增加,尤其是冻融荒漠化面积增加了2.29 km2,地质环境、地形地貌等自然因素决定了荒漠化的整体空间分布特征; 同期的湖泊、沼泽面积也呈逐年增加态势,反映了当地气候逐渐变暖的现象。区域荒漠化加剧,容易诱发滑坡、泥石流和沉陷等地质灾害,损毁道路,严重影响着该地区经济发展和国防建设。在自然地理条件恶劣、交通条件不便的地区,高分辨率遥感技术可以发挥其强大的地质判析力。 相似文献
20.
In the last decades, floods have increased in frequency all over the world due to diverse phenomena such as climate change, extended urbanization, land use, etc. Their social, cultural, economic and environmental impacts have also grown significantly, highlighting the need for the development of further studies and improved methods to manage and mitigate flood risk, mainly in urban areas. Historic sites need particular attention in this field, not only because the high and irreplaceable cultural value of these areas, but also taking into account that the constructive typologies that they host are particularly vulnerable to natural hazards. In consequence of that, the analysis of the phenomena, the evaluation of their consequences and the adoption of adequate mitigation and preparedness measures are presently a fundamental societal challenge. Having this in mind, the present paper aims at proposing an innovative methodology focused on the assessment of flood vulnerability in historic sites through the evaluation of a set of exposure and sensitivity indicators. From the analysis of these indicators, it is possible to obtain a Flood Vulnerability Index capable of measuring the spread of flood vulnerability over an extended area. The historic centre of Guimarães, in Portugal, declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2001, is used here as a pilot case study to apply and discusses the preliminary version of the approach. Although some improvements are still needed, this approach can be already used to provides preliminary vulnerability scenarios and to point the way to the definition of more efficient and customized strategies for managing and mitigating flood risk in historic sites. Moreover, with further improvements and calibrations resorting to larger and more diverse data, it will be possible to reduce some of the uncertainties currently involved in the assessment process and to make its application wider and more robust.
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